名誉侵权诉讼中的语言争议：言语事件构成要素的分析视角

论文摘要

由于语言本身的复杂性以及法律规定的抽象性,名誉侵权成为难度较大,争议较多的一类案件。我国民法虽然规定了侵害名誉权行为的构成要件,但它终因抽象而又不具备分析框架的支撑而成为一个较难运用的程式。 Hymes提出言语事件构成要素理论SPEAKING,阐明了语言生成和理解这一动态过程中对言语事件可能产生影响的一系列因素,提供了一套较为完整的语境参数来分析言语事件。污辱、诽谤是由法律所规定的两种侵害名誉权的言语事件。言辞是否构成侵权可通过分析其构成要素加以认定。SPEAKING理论提供了一系列影响言语事件的潜在因素,较好地解决了名誉侵权案件中的分析框架问题。关联理论则为解决在框架之下如何操作即言语分析中的判断、取舍问题提供了新的思路。关联(relevance)是认知的基本规律。只有当假设在语境中具有最大语境效果(contextual efforts)同时理解所付出的努力(processing efforts)最小,即实现最佳关联时,人们才把它作为解释。语境效果和思维所付出努力均以语境为前提和基础,而SPEAKING恰好提供了侮辱、诽谤言语事件的语境构成要素。二者相互补充,共同解决了如何分析语言争议的问题。在法庭辩论中,双方当事人往往从某些构成要素着手建构不同语境形成关联,对同一言辞做出不同的解释;而法官则通过对比语境效果和思维所付出的努力权衡双方解释的关联性强弱,并据此做出判决。 本文运用SPEAKING和relevance理论对于侮辱、诽谤这一法律问题从语言学角度加以分析阐释,希望对于法官及当事人具有启示作用,以利于法官准确认定语言事实,做出公正合理的判决;同时也有利于当事人进行有力的指控或抗辩。

论文目录

• Declaration
• Acknowledgement
• 摘要
• Abstract
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Rationale
• 1.3 Questions to Be Investigated
• 1.4 Organization of This Thesis
• 1.5 Data and Methodology
• 1.6 Definition of Some Important Terms
• Chapter 2 Literature Review
• 2.1 Historical Overview of Discourse Analysis Theories
• 2.1.1 Ethnomethodological Approach to DA
• 2.1.2 Pragmatic Approach to DA
• 2.1.3 Systematic-Functional Approach to DA
• 2.1.4 Critical Discourse Analysis
• 2.1.5 Sociolinguistic Approach to DA
• 2.1.6 Summary for the DA Theories
• 2.2 Research on Language Crimes and Torts
• Chapter 3 Description of the Theoretical Framework
• 3.1 Ethnographic Discourse Analysis Framework Proposed by Dell Hymes
• 3.2 Validity of This Framework
• 3.3 SPEAKIG: a DA Model for Reputation Infringement Adjudication
• 3.4 Relevance Theory as the Theoretical Instrument
• 3.5 Summary
• Chapter 4 Legal Standards with Regard to Defamation
• 4.1 Relevant Laws and Practice about Defamation Suits in the U．S． and Britain
• 4.2 Relevant Laws and Judicial Interpretation about Reputation Cases in China
• 4.3 Defenses against Defamation Charges
• 4.4 Summary
• Chapter 5 Application of the SPEAKIG Model
• 5.1 Analysis of Disputed Language
• 5.1.1 Situation
• 5.1.2 Participant
• 5.1.3 End
• 5.1.4 Act of Sequence
• 5.1.5 Key
• 5.1.6 Instrumentality
• 5.1.6.1 Channels
• 5.1.6.2 Participants
• 5.1.6.3 Forms of speech
• 5.1.7 Genre
• 5.1.8 Summary
• 5.2 Relationship among the Components
• 5.2.1 Essential Components in Reputation Infringement Suits
• 5.2.2 Salient Components in Insult and Defamation
• 5.3 Identification of the Appropriate Interpretation
• 5.4 Case Statistics for Illustration
• 5.5 Summary
• Chapter 6 Conclusions
• 6.1 Summary of This Thesis
• 6.2 Findings and Implications
• 6.3 Limitation of This Research
• 6.4 Suggestions for Future Research
• Bibliorgraphy