论文摘要
维拉·凯瑟是一位公认的喜欢描写“过去”的作家,在她的小说中,“过去”常常是失落的、美好的往事,并且被反复探讨;而“现在”却被忽视,或者不存在。因此,长期以来,批评者们把她视为一位“怀旧的人”、“研究古文物的人”。而这篇论文,通过解读凯瑟的四部西部小说—《啊,拓荒者!》、《我的安东尼娅》、《一位迷失的女人》、和《大主教之死》中的“迁移”主题,发现了一个藏在“逃避者”外表下,具有敏锐的、前进意识的新凯瑟。 本文分为五部分,第一章首先讨论凯瑟在美国文学中的边缘性地位和原因,然后解释迁移的含义,挖掘凯瑟的艺术生涯与美国移民史的联系,最后简要介绍了把她的四部西部小说当作移民长篇故事集来解读的原因与意义。 第二章讨论小说中移民迁移的外在形式和主要成因。在她的小说中,物理移民主要有两大类:境外移民和境内移民。境外移民有移进的,也有移居国外的。而境内移民主要是日常性和季节性的。多数情况下,凯瑟的移民都是特纳所定义的那种精力充沛,不安于现状的新美国人。他们的迁移是自发的。但是,作为一位有着敏锐观察力的良心作家,她还描写了许多由于经济或政治等方面的因素造成的悲剧性的,非自愿的移民。 移民并不是单纯的物理迁移,随着自身的空间变化,人们的精神和随之而来处理事务的方式也会发生相应的变化。这就导致了精神和文化的迁移。因此第三章具体讨论凯瑟小说中移民们的精神迁移。在“拔根”的过程里,人们通常会有两种情感。负面的情感有:焦虑、不安全感、愈发强烈的隔离和孤独感,甚至绝望;积极的情感如:敢为天下先的勇气、不断进取的心愿等等。通常情况下,负面的思想会使人向后看而沉湎于过去,正面的思想使人向前看而着眼未来。在四部小说里,每个移民的内心都有一个十字路口:亚历山德拉与卡尔的内心在有根与无根中游移;吉姆和希么达的内心在家与无家中迁徙;尼尔在去与留中徘徊:而拉杜和威兰神父在过去与现在中流连。通过这些思想越界的描写,凯瑟强调了将来是精神的归宿,过去只能是我们现在“在路上”行进时休息和汲取精神力量的家。总之,人在旅途,心所在之处就是我们的家。 第四章研究小说中移民们的文化变迁。面对空间变化带来的新旧文化冲突,
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