论文摘要
目前世界上已有30多个国家或地区设立了环境标志体系,环境标志已越来越为人们所普遍接受。环境标志是通过给产品贴上环境标签的方式来告知消费者,与同类产品相比,该产品的生产和处置过程对环境没有造成危害或造成的危害更小。它起到一个“激励”的作用,即通过环境标志来提高消费者的环境保护意识,促使他们购买具有环境标志的产品,从而在需求的角度促使生产者改进生产技术和生产方式,已达到保护环境的目的。由于环境标志是通过调节市场需求来起作用的,它本身并不限制非环境标志产品的市场准入,因而它也是一种最不具备壁垒性质的体系。 本文主要从三个方面展开了对环境标志这一体系的探讨。以绿色革命为切入点,本文首先讨论了环境保护与多边贸易体系日益激烈的冲突,通过对WTO多边贸易体制下几个典型案例的分析,说明了各国以保护环境为目的的贸易措施与WTO促进自由贸易的宗旨和非歧视性原则的冲突,而WTO本身对环境问题的解决尚处于探索阶段中,其解决方式亦引起了较大的争议。其他的可能办法或是不现实或是难以达到,由此,引出环境标志这一议题,笔者认为环境标志这一以保护环境为目的、通过市场供求关系起作用的机制很有可能成为协调环境与多边贸易冲突的比较现实的方式。 由于环境标志本身对技术的要求和各国环境的差异性,环境标志常被发展中国家视为一种绿色壁垒。本文从市场准入和市场竞争力两个角度探讨了环境标志有可能对贸易产生的负面效应,又对当前国际上比较具有影响力的一些环境标志体系的实际影响进行调查,说明到目前为止,除了个别特殊产品类别外,环境标志并未对非环境标志产品的市场准入和贸易额造成重大影响。 本文探讨的第三方面亦是全文的重点部分,可概括为“三个关系”、“一种趋势”——环境标志与贸易壁垒的关系,与WTO的关系,与其他有关国际组织的关系以及其发展趋势。就其目前的形式来看,绝大多数环境标志既不是法律也不是强制性规定,并不限制非环境标志产品的市场准入,因此不应该被视为贸易壁垒。环境标志与WTO的关系是目前争论的焦点。文章分别从建立在与产品相关的生产及加工方式(product-related-PPMs)上的环境标志和建立
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