田华山东省沂源县第一中学256100
在高中英语语法中,状语从句和定语从句、名词性从句一起,并称为“三大从句”。由于状语从句应用广泛,句式灵活多变,一直是考查的重点。
综观历年高考对状语从句的考查,可以总结状语从句的必考重点如下:
必考点一:连接词
连接词的选择,一要看连词的意义,二要看句子的意义。
1.when
(1)当……的时候。e.g.Becauseoftheheavytraffic,itwasalreadytimeforlunchbreakwhenshegottoheroffice.(2010,四川,20)
(2)既然。e.g.Howcanyouexpecttolearnanythingwhenyouneverlisten?(2006,山东,31)
(3)本来能够……却。e.g.Hepaidfortheperformancewhenhecouldhaveenteredforfree.
(4)在那时。e.g.Wewerehavingaheateddiscussionwhenastrangercamein.
2.where
where引导状语从句,表示地点。e.g.Anumberofhighbuildingshavearisenwheretherewasnothingayearagobutruins.(2012,山东,32)
3.before
(1)在…之前。e.g.Youcan’tborrowbooksfromtheschoollibrarybeforeyougetyourstudentcard.(2009,上海,32)
(2)还没来得及……就……。e.g.SherushedoutwithtearsbeforeIcouldexplainittoher.
(3)……才……、e.g.I’msorryyou’vebeenwaitingsolong,butit’llstillbesometimebeforeBriangetsback.(2008,北京,34)
(4)否则,要不然。e.g.GetoutbeforeIcallthepolice.
(5)表“宁愿”。e.g.I’dratherdiebeforeIapologizedtohim.
(6)趁……,以防。e.g.Writedownthepointsbeforeyouforgetthem.
4.till/until
till/until须与延续性动词连用,常用在“not…until”结构中。“not…until”结构经常会做如下的结构变化和考查:
(1)倒装句式。e.g.Notuntilheretiredfromteachingthreeyearsagodidheconsiderhavingaholidayabroad.(2012,辽宁,32)
(2)强调句型。e.g.ItwasnotuntilIcameherethatIrealizedthisplacewasfamous,fornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsweather.(2012,湖南,30)
5.while
(1)当……的时候,强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生。e.g.Whileshewasinjuredandinhospital,theworldwasamazedbythewaysheremainedcheerful.
(2)位于句首,表示“尽管,虽然”。e.g.WhileIalwaysfeltIwouldpasstheexam,IneverthoughtIwouldgetanA.(2012,湖南,28)
(3)只要。e.g.Whilethereishope,thereislife.
(4)然而,表对比。e.g.Thatregionhasplentyofnaturalresourceswhilethisonehasnone.
6.because/since/for
because:表示直接的原因,具有很强的因果关系,用来回答“why”。
since=nowthat.表示已知或显然的原因,一般放在句首。
for:不是从属连词,而是并列连词,不说明原因,表示一种附带或补充解释、说明,不放在句首。
e.g.Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.
—DidyoureturnFred’scall?
—Ididn’tneedtobecauseI’llseehimtomorrow.(2008,北京,23)
Weneedn’thaveboughtsomuchfoodsinceSuziewillnothavedinnerwithus.
7.though/although
引导让步状语从句时,不与but连用,但可以和yet、still连用。如果是正常语序,though/although可以通用,如果是倒装句式,只用though。
e.g.Idon'tbelievewe'vemetbefore,althoughImustsayyoudolookfamiliar.(2012,新课标,25)
FrankinsistedthathewasnotasleepalthoughIhadgreatdifficultyinwakinghimup.(2011,四川,4)
Althoughregularexerciseisveryimportant,it’sneveragoodideatoexercisetooclosetobedtime.(2011,天津,5)
8.as
(1)as引导让步状语从句要倒装,结构为:n/adj/adv/v+as+主语+动词。e.g.Hotasthenightairwas,wesleptdeeplybecauseweweresotiredafterthelongjourney.(2012,陕西,18)
(2)在比较状语从句中as…as…,notso…as…。e.g.Onecan’tforgetthewonderfulChowYun-Fat,whoisasgoodwithaswordasheiswithagun.
(3)当……的时候。e.g.HesmiledpolitelyasMaryapologizedforherdrunkenfriends.(2012,山东,27)
(4)因为。e.g.Ashismotherwasagreatmusiclover,helivedwithmusicformbirth.
(5)在方式状语从句中。e.g.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.
9.nomatter+疑问词
“nomatter+疑问词”可以与“疑问词+ever”互相转化,在引导让步状语从句时没有区别。e.g.Howeverhardyoutry,itisdifficulttoloseweightwithoutcuttingdowntheamountyoueat.(2012,湖南,32)
10.unless
“unless”表示“除非”,等于“if…not”。e.g.ItishardfortheGreekgovernmenttogetoverthepresentdifficultiesunlessgetsmorefinancialsupportfromtheEuropeanUnion.(2012,福建,30)
必考点二:固定句型及时态
1.与when连用的句型
(1)bedoing…when…。e.g.OneFriday,wewerepackingtoleaveforaweekendawaywhenmydaughterheardcriesforhelp.(2011,浙江,4)
(2)beabouttodo…when…。e.g.Iwasabouttoleavetheofficewhenthetelephonerang.
(3)beonthepointofdong…when…。e.g.TheSmithswereonthepointofleavingforLondonwhentheygotthenewsthattheirlostsonhadbeenfoundbylocalpolice.
(4)hadjustdone…when…。e.g.IhadjuststeppedoutofthebathroomandwasbusilydryingmyselfwithatowelwhenIheardthesteps.(2006,湖南,31)
2.表示“一/刚…就…”的各种形式
(1)assoonas
(2)immediately/directly/instantly
(3)themoment/instant/second/minute
(4)hardly/scarcely…when…/nosooner…than…
本句型中的时态是固定的:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。除此之外,本句型经常倒装。
(5)on/upondoing
e.g.Ihadhardlygottotheofficewhenmywifephonedmetogobackhomeatonce.(2012,全国II,11)
3.Itis/hasbeen+段时间+since从句
本句型中,主句常用一般现在时或者现在完成时,since引导的从句用一般过去时。如果从句中的动词是非延续性动词,意为“……已经多久了”;如果从句中的动词是延续性动词,意为“不……已经多久了”。
e.g.Asitreported,itis100yearssinceQinghuaUniversitywasfounded.(2011,四川,6)据报道,清华大学已经建校100年了(found是非延续性动词)。
Itis5yearssincehelivedinBeijing.他不住在北京已经5年了(live是延续性动词)。
4.It+be(not)+段时间+before…
“It+be+段时间+before…”表示“要过……才……”;“It+benot+段时间+before…”表示“不久就……”。
e.g.Johnthinksitwon’tbelongbeforeheisreadyforhisnewjob.(2010,陕西,20)
必考点三:状语从句的省略
状语从句的省略分两种情况:
1.如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致,从句的谓语动词含有系动词be,可以省略从句的主语与系动词be。
2.如果从句的主语是it,从句的谓语动词含有系动词be,可以省略从句的主语it与系动词be。
常见的省略状语从句的引导词:
when,while,where,whether,if,asif,although/though,as,until,once,than,unless.
e.g.Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.=Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhenyouarecrossingtheroad.
必考点四:与其它句式的辨析与转换
1.where引导的状语从句与定语从句
辨别where引导的是状语从句还是定语从句,关键是看where之前有没有表示地点的名词做先行词。如果有,是定语从句;如果没有,是状语从句。
e.g.You’dbetternotleavethemedicinewherekidscangetatit.(2008,山东,31)(状语从句)
You’dbetternotleavethemedicineattheplacewherekidscangetatit.(定语从句)
2.who/what/which/whom+ever引导的名词性从句与状语从句
who/what/which/whom+ever既可以引导名词性从句,又可以引导状语从句。引导状语从句时,可以转化为nomatter+who/what/which/whom,引导名词性从句时则不可。试比较:
Youcanchoosewhicheverbookyoulikefromtheonesonthedesk.(名词性从句)
=Nomatterwhichbookyoulike,youcanchooseitfromtheonesonthedesk.(状语从句)
3.so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句与so/such…as…引导的定语从句
so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句中,that不担当从句的成分,只起连接作用;而so/such…as…引导的定语从句中,as充当从句的主语、宾语或表语。因此,判断句子中是否缺少成分是准确判断从句类型的前提。
e.g.Heshowedussoheavyastonethatnoonecanliftit.(状语从句)
Heshowedussoheavyastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
4.与强调句的辨析
状语从句经常与强调句型辨析,以此加大考查的难度。
e.g.ItwasApril29,2001whenPrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.(2011,福建,33)(状语从句)
ItwasonApril29,2001thatPrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.(强调句)