美国工作福利制度对福利母亲和儿童的影响

论文摘要

起初,美国福利制度对贫困单身母亲给予无限时的援助。到上个世纪九十年代中期,克林顿政府提出改变福利重点,把失依儿童的父母尤其是单身母亲从福利转向工作。1996年《个人责任与工作机会协调法案》对美国贫困家庭的妇女及儿童产生了重大影响。成功地把人们从福利转向工作的关键在于职业培训和儿童照顾。但是,工作福利制度并没有使得贫困家庭状况好转。福利母亲陷入了低工资、无出路的工作中,举步维艰;她们的孩子得不到应有的照顾,对将来的发展带来隐患。这些人很有可能再次回来依靠福利。这篇论文通过阐述美国工作福利制度对福利母亲和儿童的影响,指出其存在的问题和缺陷,提出改善的建议,及其对中国福利政策的启示。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Literature review
• Introduction
• Chapter One A Brief Account of Pre-reform Aid to Welfare Mothers and Children
• 1.1 Mothers' Pensions,1911-1935
• 1.2 Aid to Dependent Children,1935-1962
• 1.3 Aid to Families with Dependent Children,1962-1996
• Chapter Two From Welfare to Workfare
• 2.1 1996 Welfare Reforms
• 2.2 Driving Forces behind Welfare Reform
• 2.2.1 Economic Reasons
• 2.2.2 Social Changes
• 2.2.3 Cultural Value
• Chapter Three The Impact of Workfare on Welfare Mothers and Children
• 3.1 Improvements for Working Mothers and Children
• 3.2 Challenges and Problems of Workfare
• 3.2.1 Out of Welfare but Not out of Poverty
• 3.2.2 Difficulties for Mothers to Move from Welfare to Work
• 3.2.2.1 Unsatisfactory Education and Training
• 3.2.2.2 Poor Child Care
• 3.2.2.3 Limited Transportation Assistance
• 3.2.2.4 Domestic Violence
• 3.2.2.5 Administrative and Service Problems
• 3.2.3 Hindrance for Children's Development
• 3.2.3.1 Education and Care Problems
• 3.2.3.2 Restricted Access to Food Stamps,Housing and Medicaid
• 3.2.4 Little Changes in Family Structure
• Chapter Four Implications of Improving Workfare and Revelations to China's Welfare Reform
• 4.1 Implications of Improving U.S.Workfare
• 4.2 Revelations to China's Welfare Policies
• 4.2.1 China's Welfare Policies for the Urban Poor
• 4.2.2 China's Social Assistance in Rural Areas
• Conclusion
• Works Cited