农业：自由贸易与保护主义之争

论文摘要

近年来,中国的三农问题--农业,农村,农民--同益严重,引起了全社会的广泛关注。中共十六大将步入小康社会作为今后发展的远景规划,而能否解决三农问题则成为这一规划实现与否的重中之重。在农业政策选择上,采取自由贸易还是保护政策一直是人们争论的焦点。一些深受西方经济学思想影响的人认为中国的农业发展应该单纯依靠比较优势,提倡农业自由贸易,而另一些人则从农业的本质以及中国农民的现状入手,强烈要求保护农业。中国在这一问题上如何抉择成为影响农业发展的一个关键环节。从理论上说,自由贸易理论建立在很多脱离现实的假设基础上,而由此构建的经济天堂虽然令人向往,但终究是一个可望而不可及的幻像。市场失灵作为一种更贴近现实的理论系统为研究农业政策提供了有力理论支撑。农业具有很强的正外部性和共用品特征,这些特性为实施农业保护政策提供了依据。实际上,主要发达国家无一例外的采取了农业保护政策。美国和欧盟的农业保护政策由来已久且对各自的农业发展都有不可低估的作用。取消农业补贴导致了世界农产品价格的不断下滑。世界贸易组织虽然禁止了扭曲贸易的政策,但通过绿箱政策留出了补贴的空间。对于中国来说,提高农业国际竞争力的一个基本途径就是加强国内农业支持。入世后,中国国内支持政策的调整不应该是减少农业补贴,而应是加大农业投入,而重点则应放在加强农业竞争力上。鉴于农业对中国经济的巨大影响力,中国的农业保护不仅可行而且必须。

论文目录

• 1. Debate on Agriculture
• 1.1 Current State and Issue of China's Agriculture
• 1.1.1 The Development of China's Agriculture
• 1.1.2 The Issue of Chinese Agriculture
• 1.2 Policy Options for the Future: Liberalization or Protection
• 2. Free Trade: the Theoretic World
• 2.1 The Development of Free Trade Theory: the Hidden Tenet
• 2.1.1 The Foundation of International Trade: Inseparable with Politics
• 2.1.2 The Development of International Trade: Free Trade and Comparative Advantage
• 2.2 The Flexible Believe System
• 2.2.1 The Pursuit of Economic Power
• 2.2.2 Free Trade: To Whose Interests?
• 2.2.3 International Trading System: Flexible Believe Continuing
• 2.2.4 The Turning of the Tide: Liberalization or Protection
• 2.3 The Exception of Free Trade
• 2.3.1 The First Challenge: Concerns of Late Industrialized Countries
• 2.3.2 Another Challenge: Concerns of Underdeveloped Countries
• 3. Welfare Effect of Subsidy: A Theoretic Analysis
• 3.1 Welfare Effect of Export Subsidy
• 3.1.1Export Subsidy Effects on Exporting Country
• 3.1.2 Export Subsidy Effects on Importing Country
• 3.1.3 Export Subsidy Effects on World Welfare
• 3.2 Welfare Effect of Production Subsidy
• 3.2.1 Reasons of Implementing Production Subsidies
• 3.2.2 Analysis of the Welfare Effects of Production Subsidy
• 4. Policy Chosen: In Light of the Market Imperfection
• 4.1 Trade Policies with Market Imperfections and Distortions
• 4.2 The Theory of the Second-Best
• 4.2.1 First-best vs. Second-best
• 4.2.2 Welfare Improving Policies in a Second-Best World
• 4.3 Public Goods
• 4.3.1 Definition of Public Goods
• 4.3.2 GPG and Agriculture
• 4.3.3 Public Goods and National Security
• 4.4 Externalities
• 4.4.1 Definition of Externalities
• 4.4.2 Externalities and Agriculture
• 4.4.3 Implement Subsidy Policy to Manage the Positive Externality of Agriculture
• 5. Subsidy in Developed Countries: The Real World
• 5.1 Subsidy in United States
• 5.1.1 US Agricultural Policy History in a Nutshell
• 5.1.2 1996 Farm Bill
• 5.1.3 Toward A New U. S. Farm Policy
• 5.2 Subsidies in EU
• 5.2.1 Main Mechanism
• 5.2.2 The Reason for Implementing of CAP
• 6. WTO Regulations
• 6.1 The Agreement on Agriculture
• 6.1.1 Market Access: 'Tariffs Only', Please
• 6.1.2 Domestic Support: Some You Can, Some You Can't
• 6.1.3 Export Subsidies: Limits on Spending and Quantities
• 6.1.4 The Least-Developed and Those Depending on Food Imports
• 6.2 WTO Boxes Explained
• 6.2.1 Green Box
• 6.2.2 Amber box
• 6.2.3 Blue box
• 7. Agriculture
• 7.1 The Nature of Agriculture
• 7.1.1 Industrial Defect
• 7.1.2 Asymmetry Accounting Theory
• 7.1.3 Inevitable Result of Industrial Defect
• 7.2 Agricultural Markets and Self-Correction
• 7.2.1 Limited Ability to Adjust Agricultural Production in the Short Run
• 7.2.2 Low Agricultural Prices not Trigger Large Increases in Demand
• 7.2.3 Limited Ability to Reduce Agricultural Productive Capacity in the Long Run
• 8. Agriculture in China
• 8.1 Chinese Agriculture in A Glance
• 8.1.1 Reform of Agriculture Policy （1978-93）
• 8.1.2 New Agriculture Policy （1994-Present）
• 8.2 WTO Impacts
• 8.2.1 China's WTO Concessions
• 8.2.2 Impact of WTO Accession
• 8.3 Impacts of Trade Liberalization on China's Agriculture
• 8.3.1 Defining Projection Scenarios
• 8.3.2 Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Production, Demand and Trade
• 8.4 Agriculture Subsidy: A Must
• Reference
• Acknowledgements