由合作原则及语用等效来看《哈姆雷特》的汉译

由合作原则及语用等效来看《哈姆雷特》的汉译

论文摘要

翻译与其他学科的联姻并不是一个崭新的概念。事实上,翻译的性质决定了翻译研究需要跨学科的合作来拓宽其视野。本文探讨了语用原则,尤其是格赖斯的会话含义理论及合作原则在整个翻译过程,包括翻译目标、翻译策略以及翻译质量评估等方面的应用,以期引导人们注重翻译中的语用特征。无论是口头交际还是书面交际,成功的交流过程必然需要合作的意识。而一旦涉及到语际转换和跨文化交际,由于有了译者的“干预”,交际中的合作关系则变得更为复杂。因此,为了实现意义传递和交流的翻译目标,交际各方必须遵守特定的原则,这正是本文所要讨论的格赖斯合作原则及其四准则,其内涵和外延在翻译的维度中思考会得到丰富和扩展。合作意识对于语用推断而言至关重要,而语用推断则是识别“会话含义”的关键步骤。格赖斯理论体系中的“会话含义”与翻译中的“内涵义”、“深层含义”以及“隐含义”等概念有相似之处。通过对合作原则及其四准则在翻译视角下的重新阐释,译者可以确定真正需要传达的“意义”成分,以期取得本文所讨论的语用等效。语用等效既可视为翻译的目标,也可作为翻译的标准运用于翻译实践,而翻译的成败在很大程度上则取决于目标语读者对于译文的理解和欣赏。本文选取莎士比亚著作《哈姆雷特》中的若干译例来探讨上述原则在翻译实践中的适用性。考虑到《哈姆雷特》的会话特征和修辞特色,从中选取的译例可作为合作原则以及语用等效在实践中的试金石,这一过程涉及到语境、文化、文体以及美学等诸多因素。此外,本文还将涉及翻译中的一些其他概念,例如衔接及连贯、过度翻译及欠额翻译、社会及文化语境、前提、言外之力、语用充实、语用省略、语用模糊以及语用推断等等。以上所述各个方面,在翻译的过程以及翻译目标的实现中均有其特定的地位和作用。作者希望本文的探讨可以服务于更为深入的语用翻译研究。

论文目录

  • Acknowledgements
  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1 Cooperation in Translation
  • 1.1 Literary Cooperation within the Source Language
  • 1.2 Severance of Cooperation
  • 1.3 Reconstruction of Cooperation
  • 1.4 Pragmatic Equivalence as the Guideline for Rebuilding Cooperation
  • Chapter 2 Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principle
  • 2.1 Framework of Conversational Implicature Theory and Cooperative Principle
  • 2.2 Conversational Implicature in CP
  • 2.2.1 Four Maxims in CP
  • 2.2.2 Violation of the Four Maxims and Conversational Implicature
  • 2.2.3 Pragmatic Inference
  • 2.3 Context in CP
  • 2.3.1 Context-oriented Understanding
  • 2.3.2 Co-text in Understanding
  • 2.3.3 Situational Context
  • 2.3.4 Larger Context
  • 2.4 Problems and Development of Grice’s Conversational Implicature Theory and CP
  • 2.4.1 Arguments over CP
  • 2.4.2 Further Development of CP and Neo-Griceanism
  • Chapter 3 Translation Process in the Light of CP
  • 3.1 Translation Strategies in the Light of CP
  • 3.1.1 Four Maxims in Translation
  • 3.1.1.1 Quantity Maxim, Over-translation and Under-translation
  • 3.1.1.2 Quality Maxim and Fidelity
  • 3.1.1.3 Relation Maxim and Relevance
  • 3.1.1.4 Manner Maxim and Expression
  • 3.1.1.5 Difference between Four Maxims in Pragmatics and Four Maxims in Translation
  • 3.1.2 Pragmatic Inference, Pragmatic Omission, Pragmatic Addition and Pragmatic Obscurity
  • 3.2 Translation Quality Assessment
  • 3.2.1 Reader’s Response
  • 3.2.2 Pragmatic Equivalence
  • 3.2.2.1 Proposal of Pragmatic Equivalence
  • 3.2.2.2 Essence of Pragmatic Equivalence
  • 3.2.2.3 Application of Pragmatic Equivalence
  • Chapter 4 Translation of Hamlet—A Case Study
  • 4.1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Hamlet
  • 4.1.1 Text Type Analysis
  • 4.1.2 Linguistic Analysis
  • 4.1.3 Conversational Analysis
  • 4.2 Dealing with Cultural Elements
  • 4.2.1 Cross-cultural Pragmatic Studies
  • 4.2.2 Appellation
  • 4.2.3 Allusion and the Handling of Cultural Elements
  • 4.3 Figures of Speech—Pragmatic Observations
  • 4.3.1 Metaphor
  • 4.3.2 Pun
  • 4.3.3 Personification
  • 4.3.4 Hyperbole
  • 4.3.5 Irony
  • Conclusion
  • Bibliography
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