言语交际中性别语言差异的语用研究

论文摘要

20世纪70年代初期,西方兴起了女权运动。从那时开始,语言与性别的研究引起了语言学家的关注,语言的性别差异已成为社会语言学所关注的主要课题之一。在国内外已有的语言性别差异研究中,大多数的研究主要集中在语音、词汇、句法等方面,从语用学方面所做的研究相对较少。本文从语用学的视角出发,对言语交际这一动态环节中语言的性别差异进行了研究,通过分析男女两性在言语交际中对合作原则、礼貌原则和面子理论等语用原则的遵守与违反,文章发现了性别语言在语用学方面所存在的差异,在此基础上,文章探究了语言性别差异形成的原因和在男女两性间实现成功的言语交际的途径。文章收集和分析了大量的日常会话语料,结果显示,在言语交际中男女两性在遵守与违反语用原则中存在较大差异。其具体表现是,在言语交际中,女性往往能对对方的提问做出充分的、相关的回答,从而倾向于遵守合作原则,男性则对对方的提问不能做出充分的、相关的回答,从而倾向于违背合作原则;女性喜欢使用一般疑问句和附加疑问句,较少使用诅咒语和禁忌语,因此倾向于遵守礼貌原则,男性则喜欢使用祈使句和命令句,较多使用诅咒语和禁忌语,因此倾向于违背礼貌原则。除此之外,男性和女性在言语交际中使用的面子策略也不相同。一般说来,女性在社会中处于从属地位,她们喜欢用消极面子策略。而男性在社会中处于支配地位,他们倾向用积极面子策略。文章分析了言语交际中性别差异形成的原因,指出这种差异主要是由生理因素、心理因素、社会因素和文化因素造成的。正是由于这些原因的存在,言语交际过程中男女两性间才会经常产生误解。文章对如何实现成功的跨性别言语交际进行了论述,提出了增加相互了解、学会开放和灵活等实现成功的跨性别言语交际的有效途径。本文认为对言语交际性别差异的研究具有很大的现实意义,它能够提高交际者对性别语言差异的认识和敏感性,促进男女两性间日常言语交际的顺利进行。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• Introduction
• 0.1 Background of the thesis
• 0.2 The objective and significance of the thesis
• 0.3 Organization of the thesis
• Chapter One Literature Review
• 1.1 Sex and gender
• 1.2 General review of the study of language and gender
• 1.2.1 A review of foreign research
• 1.2.2 A review of domestic research
• 1.3 The theoretical basis of gender language differences
• 1.3.1 Established theories on language and gender
• 1.3.1.1 Deficit Theory
• 1.3.1.2 Dominance Theory
• 1.3.1.3 Difference Theory
• 1.3.2 Theories adopted for this thesis
• 1.3.2.1 Cooperative Principle
• 1.3.2.2 Politeness Principle
• 1.3.2.3 Face Theory
• Chapter Two A Pragmatic Study of Gender Language Differences in Verbal Communication
• 2.1 Gender differences in observing or flouting Cooperative Principle
• 2.1.1 Gender differences in observing or flouting the maxim of quantity
• 2.1.2 Gender differences in observing or flouting the maxim of relation
• 2.1.3 Gender differences in observing or flouting the maxim of quality
• 2.1.4 Gender differences in observing or flouting the maxim of manner
• 2.2 Gender differences in observing or flouting Politeness Principle
• 2.2.1 Gender differences in observing or flouting the tact maxim and the generosity maxim
• 2.2.2 Gender differences in observing or flouting the approbation maxim and the modesty maxim
• 2.2.3 Gender differences in observing or flouting the agreement maxim
• 2.2.4 Gender differences in observing or flouting the sympathy maxim
• 2.3 Gender differences in observing or flouting the Face Theory
• 2.3.1 The definition of the Face Theory
• 2.3.2 Different linguistic strategies of involvement and independence
• 2.3.3 Gender differences in observing or flouting the face theory
• Chapter Three Causes of Gender Language Differences
• 3.1 Biological factors
• 3.2 Psychological factors
• 3.3 Social and cultural factors
• Chapter Four Ways to Succeed in Inter-gender Communication
• 4.1 Ways to achieve inter-gender communication
• 4.1.1 Increasing mutual knowledge
• 4.1.2 Learning to be open and flexible
• 4.1.3 Recognizing differences in communication
• 4.2 Ways to avoid misunderstanding in inter-gender communication
• Conclusion
• 1. Findings
• 2. Significance
• 3. Limitations
• 4. Suggestions for further study
• Bibliography
• Appendix
• Acknowledgements