论文摘要
溶剂萃取是一种重要的单元操作,具有简便性和有效性等特点,得到了广泛推广与应用。萃取剂的选择在溶剂萃取中占有重要地位。杯[4]-冠-6(Calix[4]arene-crown)是第三代超分子识别试剂Calix[4]arene的衍生物,同时含有杯芳烃和冠醚两种主体分子的亚单元,两者之间以两个或多个原子相连,具有与单个杯芳烃或冠醚不同的性质和对客体更加优越的络合和识别能力。基于Calix[4]arene-crown对于Cs(Ⅰ)的识别性能,合成与表征了三种未见报道的Calix[4]arene-crown衍生物:25,27-二(正壬氧基)杯[4]芳烃-26,28-冠-6(NonCalix[4]C6)、25,27-二(正癸氧基)杯[4]芳烃-26,28-冠-6(DecCalix[4]C6)和25,27-二(正十二烷氧基)杯[4]芳烃-26,28-冠-6(DodCalix[4]C6)。考察了该类衍生物对发热元素Cs(Ⅰ)及十余种共存元素的萃取性能,研究了Cs(Ⅰ)的萃取机理,探索了Cs(Ⅰ)和Sr(Ⅱ)的共萃取行为,为从酸性模拟高放废液(HLW)中有效萃取分离Cs(Ⅰ)提供了实验与理论依据。其主要内容如下:以五步法合成了NonCalix[4]C6、DecCalix[4]C6和DodCalix[4]C6,通过元素分析、FT-IR、ESI-MS、1HNMR和TG-DSC等手段进行了表征。合成的三种杯[4]-冠-6衍生物的取代基均为长链烷烃,基于长链烷烃的推电子作用效应,发现在其合成过程中的取代位置会发生变化。探索了取代基为长链烷烃时Calix[4]arene-crown衍生物合成技术路线,考察了影响柱色谱分离纯化Calix[4]arene-crown的若干因素。研究了NonCalix[4]C6. DecCalix[4]C6和DodCalix[4]C6对Cs(Ⅰ)及十余种共存元素的萃取性能,考察了硝酸浓度、接触时间和温度等因素对萃取分配比的影响,结果表明:硝酸浓度对萃取过程有明显影响,在被试验的0.4-5.0M HNO3浓度范围内,Calix[4]arene-crown衍生物对Cs(Ⅰ)有明显的分子识别与高选择性,并与Cs(Ⅰ)的配位作用和以氢键方式与HNO3的缔合作用构成了竞争反应,使得Calix[4]arene-crown萃取Cs(Ⅰ)的分配比先是随着硝酸浓度的增加而明显增加,此后又逐渐降低,在硝酸浓度为3.0M或4.0M时Cs(Ⅰ)的分配比最大;被试验的十余种共存元素中,除Rb(Ⅰ)与Cs(Ⅰ)均为IA元素,因离子半径和化学性质相近有一定的萃取性能外,其它共存元素基本不萃取;接触时间实验结果表明:Calix[4]arene-crown萃取Cs(Ⅰ)均为动力学快过程,在1 Omin内均能达到萃取平衡;以斜率法考察了NonCalix[4]C6、DecCalix[4]C6和DodCalix[4]C6萃取Cs(Ⅰ)反应机理,确定了萃合物组成;考察了温度对萃取分配比的影响,确定该萃取过程均为放热反应,升高温度不利于Cs(Ⅰ)的萃取;获得了溶剂萃取Cs(Ⅰ)过程中的一些重要物化参数。在酸性高放废液中,Sr(Ⅱ)和Cs(Ⅰ)均为发热元素,其同时有效分离将显著减少HLW的放射性强度。研究了冠醚衍生物分别与NonCalix[4]C6、DecCalix[4]C6或DodCalix[4]C6同时将Cs(Ⅰ)和Sr(Ⅱ)萃取分离的基础特性。基于冠醚萃取Sr(Ⅱ)和Calix[4]arene-crown衍生物萃取Cs(Ⅰ)在相同稀释剂中于相同实验条件下不能同时达到最大分配比这一结果,考察了Cs(Ⅰ)和Sr(Ⅱ)共萃取时氯仿与辛醇的稀释剂效应,确定了在氯仿:辛醇=1:1条件下Cs(Ⅰ)和Sr(Ⅱ)的共萃取行为,获得了从酸性HLW中同时萃取分离Cs(Ⅰ)和Sr(Ⅱ)的基础特性。基于超分子识别化合物对于Cs(Ⅰ)的萃取性能和机理,考察了NonCalix[4]C6、DecCalix[4]C6和DodCalix[4]C6对Cs(Ⅰ)及共存元素的逆流萃取行为,获得了理想的逆流萃取结果,Cs(Ⅰ)的5级萃取率均达到99%以上,为实现从酸性HLW中有效分离发热元素Cs(Ⅰ)并应用于乏燃料后处理技术提供了坚实的实验与理论依据。
论文目录
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