论导游词英译 ——从功能翻译理论看文化信息的传递

论文摘要

戴维·洛奇在《天堂消息》中用一种戏谑的调侃声称旅游就是一种新的“宗教朝圣”。当然,他这是用一种诙谐的方式来比喻人们狂热追崇的旅游业,而事实上旅游这一股热潮也正如海啸一样以不可抵挡之势席卷全球。这股热潮同样侵袭了中国,尤其在这2008年,中国作为奥运会主办国更不该错失良机,正如《奥运旅游效应-2008年北京奥运会对中国旅游业的拉动》中所指出的奥运必将推动入境旅游从而从某种程度实现“以奥运养奥运”。然而,纵观整个旅游行业翻译的现状,虽有很多旅游资料的不断涌现,但仍有很多的不足之处,而这会很大程度上影响中国的形象以及中国旅游文化信息的有效传递。作为一个致力于中英翻译的求学者,同样作为一个兼职的英语导游,作者在研读了大量的相关文献之后,归纳总结了各个角度和各种见解,从一个新的角度对导游词的英译做一个相对系统而又全面的研究。这个还鲜有人在旅游翻译中系统运用的就是功能翻译理论,之前的研究者大都是在问卷调查的基础上对旅游翻译文本进行错误归类,分析;或者是自身在实践中的经验之谈;或者是从跨文化以及语用翻译的角度去分析。在功能翻译理论的指导下,本论文旨在为导游词的英译形成一个系统而科学的翻译策略和方法。正如大多数学者和专家一致认为的:国际旅游是一种跨文化交际而导游词的翻译正是一种跨文化翻译。讲到跨文化翻译,一般两种翻译策略会被提到,即归化和异化。归化和异化看似矛盾,究竟哪种更可取,长久以来学者们一直有争议。在此,作者提出功能翻译理论是条出路,也就是用功能或目的作为主要指导原则。在对导游词的目的进行详细分析后,作者提出译者应该既有跨文化意识,又有“服务意识”。首先,翻译过程中最大的拦路虎之一就是因为其不同的生活方式,行为方式,思维方式,历史传统,风俗,道德标准,审美标准等所带来的文化差异。因此译者在传播中国文化特色同时跨文化意识也是一种必备之需,也就是说译者同样要兼顾“以游客为主”。其次,旅游本身就是一种服务,一种给国外游客最好的传递中国文化特色的服务,对游客来说也应该是种享受和乐趣,而导游词本身也应该是其一部分。这就要求译者在忠实的前提下,也要兼顾其他,例如幽默。在这里作者还运用了消费者心理学使论文更坚实。最后,作者以功能作为指导原则,结合归化和异化两种翻译策略,列出了一些具体的翻译方法和技巧,并例举分析了杭州导游词翻译存在的一些问题。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• 内容摘要
• Abstract
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 Background
• 1.2 Brief Literature Review
• 1.2.1 Studies on Tourism Translation in China
• 1.2.2 Studies on Tourism Translation Abroad
• 1.2.3 Focus of This Thesis
• 1.3 Layout of the Paper
• Chapter Two General Aspect of English Translation of Tour Guide Manuals
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Definitions of Related Terms about English for Tour Guide
• 2.3 Classifications of English for Tour Guide
• 2.4 Functions of Tour Guide Manuals and Their Respective Hidden Problems in Translation
• 2.5 Main Features of Tour Guide Manuals
• 2.5.1 Cultural feature
• 2.5.1.1 Language, Tourism and Culture
• 2.5.1.2 Cultural differences represented in Chinese and English Tour Guide Manuals
• 2.5.2 Stylistic Features
• 2.5.2.1 The Common Features of English for Tour Guides and Chinese for Tour Guides
• 2.5.2.2 The Discrepancies Between English for Tour Guides and Chinese for Tour Guides
• 2.5.2.2.1 Ambiguous vs. clarity
• 2.5.2.2.2 Ornate vs. Plain
• 2.5.2.2.3 Features with “Chinese Characteristics”
• 2.5.3 Courtesy feature
• Chapter Three Functionalist Theory
• 3.1 Early Views of Functionalism: Katharina Reiss and the Functionalist Translation Criticism
• 3.2 Hans J. Vermeer and Skopostheorie
• 3.2.1 Translation as a Type of Human Action in the Context of a Specific Culture
• 3.2.2 Skopostheorie - a Theory of Purposeful Action
• 3.2.3 Three Rules in Skopostheorie
• 3.2.4 The Principle of Adequacy
• 3.3 Justa Holz-Manttari and the Theory of Translational Action
• 3.4 Christiane Nord and Function-plus-Loyalty Principle
• Chapter Four Translation Principle, Translation Strategy and Translation Technique in C-E Tour Guide Manual With the Application of Functionalist Theory
• 4.1 The Definition of Translation Principle, Strategy and Translation Technique
• 4.2 Translation Principle-Skopos-awareness as the Translation Principle
• 4.2.1 The Skopos of the C-E translation of Tour Guide Manual
• 4.2.2 Cross-cultural Awareness
• 4.2.2.1 Tourism Translation Is a Kind of Cross-culture Communication
• 4.2.2.2 Cross-cultural Awareness
• 4.2.2.2.1 The necessity of Cross-cultural Awareness
• 4.2.2.2.2 How to Cultivate Cross-cultural Awareness
• 4.2.3 Service-awareness
• 4.2.3.1 Acceptability and Naturalness
• 4.2.3.2 Preciseness and Conciseness
• 4.2.3.3 Aesthetic Richness
• 4.2.3.4 Humor
• 4.3 The Strategy: Domestication vs. Foreignizaiton
• 4.3.1 The Origin of Foreignization and Domestication
• 4.3.2 Function of Domestication
• 4.3.3 Function of Foreignization
• 4.3.4 Scientific Attitude towards Translation Strategy From the Principle of Skopos-awareness
• 4.4 Translation Techniques
• 4.4.1 Metaphrase or Literal Translation
• 4.4.2 Transliteration
• 4.4.3 Transliteration Plus Explanation
• 4.4.4 Addition
• 4.4.5 Omission
• 4.4.6 Comparison and Analogy
• 4.4.7 Summarization
• Chapter Five Case Study: Analysis of Translation Errors in C-E Tour Guide Manual in Hangzhou
• 5.1 Violation of the Principle of Culture-awareness
• 5.1.1 Errors due to Inadequate Proficiency of Chinese Culture
• 5.1.2 Errors Due to Chinese-specific of Four-Character Structure
• 5.1.3 Errors Due to the Chinese-specific of Frequent Quotation of Chinese Classics
• 5.2 Violation of the Principle of Service-awareness
• 5.2.1 Linguistic Errors
• 5.2.2 Loss of Humor or Fun Due to Abuse of Pinyin
• Conclusion
• Bibliography