礼貌语言的间接性与得体性

礼貌语言的间接性与得体性

论文摘要

礼貌是日常生活中的一种道德准则,同时它也是人际交往中用来协调关系、增进彼此感情的一种常用的表达方式。从二十世纪七十年代起,礼貌现象开始受到语言学家、心理学家、人类学家和社会学家越来越多的关注。礼貌语言,作为表达礼貌的一种最有效最常用的方式,更应深入进行研究。在以前的诸研究中,由于礼貌语言的间接性与得体性尤其是得体性的研究甚少,因此本文欲从语用学角度对礼貌语言的这两个方面进行研究。本文从言语行为和间接言语行为出发,从若干方面对礼貌语言的间接性和得体性进行了分析、探讨。根据Leech的礼貌原则和Brown& Levinson的面子威胁理论,分析了间接表达委婉的命令与请求,委婉的拒绝和委婉的批评等语用功能。并依次阐明交际中权势、社会距离、权力和义务等因素对礼貌的间接应用的影响。一种语言在一定场合下是礼貌的,而如果换成其它场合或许会太礼貌或不礼貌。语境是影响礼貌得体性的最重要的因素之一,所有关系礼貌得体性的讨论都应建立在语境基础之上。此外,本文引用张国(2005)的关于礼貌语言得体性的判断标准,从语言内和语言外两大层次进行讨论。语言内层次又可再分为语言内容与语言形式。语言外层次主要从文化因素与社会因素角度进行分析。表明所有因素并不是孤立的,而是综合起来起作用,如果某个因素变了,其它要素也需作相应调整。总之,本文从间接性和得体性两个方面分析、讨论了英语中的礼貌语。通过研究,一方面希望能为礼貌语的研究者提供一点有益的帮助,另一方面为人们更好的使用礼貌语言表达自己的思想,以避免交际失误提供一些借鉴。

论文目录

  • Acknowledgements
  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Definition of Politeness
  • 1.2 Significance of the Present Study
  • 1.3 Thesis Organization
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Previous Studies on Politeness Abroad
  • 2.2 Previous Studies on Politeness in China
  • Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
  • 3.1 Speech Act Theory and Indirect Speech Act Theory
  • 3.1.1 Speech Act Theory
  • 3.1.2 Indirect Speech Act Theory
  • 3.2 The Politeness Theory
  • 3.2.1 Leech’s Politeness Principle (PP)
  • 3.2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Face and FTA Theory
  • Chapter 4 An Analysis of Indirectness of Politeness in Language
  • 4.1 Definition of Indirectness
  • 4.2 Relationship between Indirectness and Politeness
  • 4.3 Pragmatic Functions of Indirectness in Politeness Strategy
  • 4.3.1 Expressing Euphemistic Request and Command
  • 4.3.2 Expressing Euphemistic Refusal
  • 4.3.3 Expressing Euphemistic Criticism
  • 4.4 The Factors Affecting Indirectness Application in Politeness
  • 4.4.1 Power
  • 4.4.2 Social Distance
  • 4.4.3 The Degree of Imposition
  • 4.4.4 Right and Obligation
  • 4.4.5 Cultural Difference
  • Chapter 5 An Analysis of Appropriateness of Politeness in Language
  • 5.1 Definition of Appropriateness and Tact
  • 5.1.1 Appropriateness
  • 5.1.2 Tact
  • 5.2 Relationship between Appropriateness and Politeness
  • 5.3 Context Influencing on the Appropriate Adaptation of Politeness
  • 5.4 Criterion of Appropriateness in Polite Expression
  • 5.4.1 Inner Linguistic Level
  • 5.4.2 Outer Linguistic Level
  • 5.4.2.1 Cultural Factors
  • 5.4.2.2 Social Factors
  • Chapter 6 Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix: Published Papers during Study of M.A
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    礼貌语言的间接性与得体性
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