Analysis of Functions of Metaphors in Political Discourses

Analysis of Functions of Metaphors in Political Discourses

论文摘要

在人类语言中隐喻现象非常普遍,对其研究始于亚里士多德,其间曾有间断,但20世纪80年代隐喻研究掀起热潮。心理学、哲学、认知科学、神经科学、语用学等领域的研究者均从不同角度对隐喻进行探讨。但是以前的研究在研究方法和理论框架上存在着不足。政治语篇中隐喻的普遍使用与言者试图要达到的政治目的密切相关。本文采用批评性语篇分析方法,从认知语言学、语用学、篇章语言学等多角度分析隐喻在政治语篇中的功能以及隐喻功能得以实现的方式。通过分析我们发现言者使用隐喻以解释抽象难懂的政治概念,使这些概念更易接受,简洁,易记;通过隐喻来构建意识形态,激发情感,提供新视角等途径以说服听众;在谋求妥协中隐喻具有构建共同点的作用;在可能会伤及面子的情况下,隐喻有挽救面子和实施礼貌原则的功能;隐喻还有使语篇连贯的作用。为了更清楚说明隐喻在政治语篇中的功能,本文选取了2008年参选总统呼声较高的美国民主党人及共和党人宣布竞选总统的演讲作为语料,对隐喻在政治语篇中的功能进行个案分析。分析结果表明这些演讲中使用的隐喻包括死隐喻,传统隐喻和非传统隐喻三类。死隐喻包括一些身体隐喻,传统隐喻包括植物隐喻,路途隐喻,宗教隐喻,战争隐喻等,它们利用人们所熟悉的事物及经验使人们无意识的接受他们的观点,加强说服力,攻击对方的观点。新奇隐喻的使用主要是通过源域和目标域之间的张力达到对他们所陈述的事物加深印象的效果。本文在分析隐喻的功能的同时,挖掘言者选用隐喻的认知,社会及历史的深层原因。在国际交往中,某些国外政治语篇使用的隐喻所反映的思想会损害我国的利益。本文提出对国外政治语篇进行批判性分析,以增强对其可能存在的欺骗性的认识;在语言层面上可采用三种策略即:换源域、控制源域里的成分、利用隐喻的衍生表达等,以便消除原隐喻带来的负面影响,并达到回击对方的语言效果。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Overview of researches on metaphor
  • 1.2 Significance and objectives of the present study
  • 1.2.1 Inadequacy of the previous researches
  • 1.2.2 Improvement on analysis method and theoretical bases
  • 1.2.3 Objectives
  • 1.3 Definition of political discourse
  • 1.4 Organization of the chapters
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Conventional theories on metaphor
  • 2.1.1 Substitution theory
  • 2.1.2 Comparison theory
  • 2.1.3 Interaction theory
  • 2.2 Cognitive Metaphor Theory
  • 2.2.1 Conceptual metaphor theory
  • 2.2.2 Blending theory /conceptual integration theory
  • 2.3 Critical discourse analysis approach
  • Chapter 3 Functions of Metaphors in Political Discourses
  • 3.1 Explaining abstract political concepts
  • 3.2 Persuading the audience
  • 3.2.1 Providing new perspective
  • 3.2.2 Conceptualizing ideology
  • 3.2.3 Motivating audience’s emotions
  • 3.3 Saving face and showing politeness
  • 3.4 Providing common ground
  • 3.5 Establishing semantic coherence
  • Chapter 4 Case Study
  • 4.1 Linguistic corpus
  • 4.2 Purpose of the case study
  • 4.3 Approach to the analysis
  • 4.4 Analysis results
  • 4.4.1 Dead metaphors
  • 4.4.2 Conventional metaphors
  • 4.4.3 Unconventional metaphors
  • Chapter 5 Responding to Metaphors in Political Discourses
  • 5.1 Changing the source domain
  • 5.2 Manipulating elements in the source domain
  • 5.3 Exploiting metaphorical entailments
  • Chapter 6 Conclusion
  • 6.1 Summary of the research
  • 6.2 Major findings
  • 6.3 Limitations and implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix
  • 攻硕期间取得的研究成果
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    Analysis of Functions of Metaphors in Political Discourses
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