图式理论在大学英语听力教学中的应用

图式理论在大学英语听力教学中的应用

论文摘要

听力在日常生活中是使用较为频繁的一种语言能力,在外语教学中它也是比较重要的,是听、说、读和写四种必须掌握的语言技能之一。长期以来,听力理解被认为是一个被动的听辨过程,大学英语听力课的常规模式是“讲讲单词、放放录音、对对答案”。在听的过程中,学生是被动的接受者,没有任何背景知识的提示,这种听力教学严重挫伤了学生的主动性,学生的听力技巧和听力能力没有得到培养和提高,这与大学英语教学的目的也是相违背的。事实上,听力是一个需要听者积极参与,是语言知识与背景知识相互撞击,相互作用的主动的心理过程。图式理论为听力预测和解码过程提供了强有力的理论基础。图式理论认为,背景知识在听力理解过程中起着举足轻重的作用。听力理解是听者的语言知识、社会知识、文化背景知识、生活常识与外来信息相互作用的结果。这些背景知识的结构被称为图式。图式知识一般分为三类:语言图式、内容图式、形式图式。从图式理论的角度看,听力理解的过程是一种互动模式,它包括自下而上与自上而下两种结合的互动模式。根据这种模式,听力理解过程就是听者的背景知识与所听课文相互作用的过程。因此,图式理论对听力教学有着指导意义。在听力理解过程中,听者应该激活自己的背景知识,并利用它们来理解新的文章。听者的图式决定他要理解的内容,理解的程度,以及能否恰当理解。图式激活可以看作是打开听者背景知识的钥匙,达到成功理解的桥梁。本文以图式理论为切入点,以图式的激活为研究中心,分别进行了两次实验,实验过程中在实验班组织了旨在“听前”图式激活,“听时”图式具体化,“听后”图式强化的听力活动,实验结果表明图式的激活能够将听者由被动变为主动;教授听力而非听力测试更能够激发学生的学习兴趣;丰富的背景知识和听力策略的使用能够有效地提高听力理解水平;基于图式理论的听力授课模式能够提高学生的交互交流的能力;不管被激活的图式与听力材料是直接相关,还是扩大相关,均能够有效提高听力理解的效果;教学方法不能够一成不变,应根据听力材料和学生特点的不同激活不同的图式。根据以上的理论和实验结果,本文从教学原则的角度进行了相关探讨,从教师与学生的角色定位、听力课的目的、听力能力与阅读能力的关系、听力策略的传授、如何通过单向倾听提高相互倾听的能力等方面提出了一些教学原则以指导大学英语教学。文章结论部分总结了本文的发现,同时也指出了本研究的局限性,认为运用图式理论进行英语听力教学还存在一些有待进一步探讨和解决的问题。

论文目录

  • 中文摘要
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • 1 Background and Significance of the Thesis
  • 2 Organization of the Thesis
  • Chapter 1 Literature Review
  • 1.1 Listening Comprehension
  • 1.1.1 Nature of Listening
  • 1.1.2 The Definition of Listening
  • 1.1.3 Listening in Three Models
  • 1.1.4 Listening Comprehension
  • 1.1.5 College English Listening Teaching in China
  • 1.2 Schema Theory
  • 1.2.1 Definition of Schema
  • 1.2.2 Classification of Schema
  • 1.2.3 The Theoretical Basis-A Cognitive Model of Learning
  • 1.3 Schema Theory and Listening Comprehension
  • 1.3.1 Elements affecting listening comprehension
  • 1.3.2 Three Basic Listening Comprehension Models
  • 1.3.3 Schema Activation in Listening Comprehension
  • 1.4 Summary and the Focus of the Study
  • Chapter 2 Methodology
  • 2.1 Research Design
  • 2.1.1 Hypothesis
  • 2.1.2 Subjects
  • 2.1.3 Test Design
  • 2.1.4 Procedures
  • 2.2 Application of Schema Theory to College English Listening Teaching
  • 2.2.1 Pre-listening Activities
  • 2.2.1.1 Predicting Content from the Title,Given Words,Comprehension Questions and Choices
  • 2.2.1.2 Brainstorming to Improve Cultural Awareness and Sensitiveness
  • 2.2.1.3 Activating Formal Schema
  • 2.2.2 While-listening activities
  • 2.2.2.1 Making Predictions by the Discourse Markers
  • 2.2.2.2 Making Predictions by Subjunctive Clause
  • 2.2.2.3 Guessing New Words by Context
  • 2.2.3 Post-listening Activities
  • 2.2.3.1 Questions,Discussions and Debating
  • 2.2.3.2 Role-play
  • 2.2.3.3 Retelling and Summarizing
  • 2.2.4 The Application of Schema Theory in this Study
  • Chapter 3 Data Analysis and Findings
  • 3.1 Analysis on the students' level before experiment
  • 3.2 Analysis on the students'performance in the final-test
  • 3.3 Findings
  • Chapter 4 Discussion and Suggestions
  • 4.1 The Roles of Teacher and Student--Teacher is an Instructor while Student is an Active Constructor
  • 4.2 Listening Comprehension Teaching should focus on "how" rather than "what"
  • 4.2.1 Prediction for listening
  • 4.2.2 Schema-based Listening
  • 4.2.3 Listening Task Design
  • 4.2.4 Positive Comment
  • 4.2.5 Error Analysis and Correction
  • 4.3 Listening Comprehension Proficiency and Reading Proficiency could be improved at the Same Time
  • 4.4 Listening Strategies should be instructed
  • 4.5 Promotion of the Reciprocal Listening Ability in the Process of Non-reciprocal Listening
  • Chapter 5 Conclusion
  • 5.1 Findings
  • 5.2 Limitations of Present Study
  • 5.3 Suggestions
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix Ⅰ
  • Appendix Ⅱ
  • Appendix Ⅲ
  • Appendix Ⅳ
  • Appendix Ⅴ
  • Appendix Ⅵ
  • Appendix Ⅶ
  • Acknowledgements
  • 个人简历
  • 发表的学术论文
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    图式理论在大学英语听力教学中的应用
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