间接指令的认知分析

论文摘要

本文从认知的角度对间接指令进行了阐释。在对间接言语行为的研究中,间接指令一直是个热点话题,不少理论对这一语言现象进行过阐释,其中包括习语论、推理论和礼貌原则。人们是如何发出和理解间接指令的?研究在间接指令等特殊语言现象产生和理解过程中的人类思维方式,不仅有利于我们更加清楚地了解语言,而且有利于我们透视人类在思维、推理与彼此交流过程中的认知状态。然而,目前国内缺乏从认知的角度对间接指令的系统研究。本文的研究显示,间接指令的认知分析法可以克服以往研究的不足。原型范畴理论认为,对某一范畴的认知始于原型,然后围绕着原型进行扩展。间接指令是一个边界模糊的层级范畴。原型成员与边缘成员的理解方式不一,前者的推理需要付出的努力最少,后者需要的努力最多。至于转喻模式理论,首先要提到的是场境。它由三个部分组成:场前、核心、场后。通过凸显场境的某一个组成部分,间接指令能够激活整个场境,从而向听话人传达交际意图。因为场景不足以解释间接指令的所有特征,所以须在转喻模式中加入损益、选择性、权势等社会变量来分析间接指令。意象图式理论是用背景知识加强言语的理解。图式可次分为强迫、去阻、阻碍、重复、阻力和转向,分别用以解释间接命令、请求、威胁、乞求和建议。论文在最后指出了间接指令的认知分析法的优点和缺点。本文在研究结论中指出,原型范畴理论、转喻模式理论和意象图式理论在解释间接指令的认知机制中起了非常重要的作用。此外,这些认知理论除了能有效地解释间接指令外,还可用于解释其它的间接言语行为。因此,间接指令的认知研究可以丰富语用学理论及相关语用研究。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• 1.1 An Interpretation of Indirect Directives
• 1.2 The Types of Indirect Directives
• 1.3 The Purpose of the Research
• 1.4 The Framework of the Thesis
• Chapter 2 Previous Researches on Indirect Directives
• 2.1 Idiom Theory
• 2.1.1 Positive Points
• 2.1.2 Main Deficiencies
• 2.2 Inference Theory
• 2.2.1 Searle’s Research
• 2.2.2 Gordon & Lakoff’s Research
• 2.3 Politeness Principle
• Chapter 3 Theoretical Bases for the Present Research
• 3.1 Prototypical Category Theory
• 3.1.1 The Definition of Categorization
• 3.1.2 The Definition of Prototype
• 3.1.3 The Characteristics of Prototype
• 3.2 Metonymic Model Theory
• 3.2.1 Scenario
• 3.2.2 Metonymic Strength
• 3.2.3 Social Variables Involved in Metonymic Models
• 3.3 Image Schema Theory
• 3.3.1 Basic Notion of Image Schema
• 3.3.2 Several Subtypes of Image Schemata
• Chapter 4 A Cognitive Analysis of Indirect Directives
• 4.1 Indirect Directives Interpreted by Prototypical Category Theory
• 4.1.1 The Categorization of Indirect Directives
• 4.1.2 The Prototype of Indirect Directives
• 4.1.3 The Subdivision of Indirect Directive Category
• 4.2 Indirect Directives Interpreted by Metonymic Model Theory
• 4.2.1 The Scenario of Indirect Directives
• 4.2.2 The Metonymic Strength of Indirect Directives
• 4.2.3 The Social Variables Involved in Metonymic Models of Indirect Directives
• 4.3 Indirect Directives Interpreted by Image Schema Theory
• 4.3.1 The Compulsion Image Schema of Indirect Orders
• 4.3.2 The Restraints-Removing Image Schema of Indirect Requests
• 4.3.3 The Blockage Image Schema of Indirect Threats
• 4.3.4 The Iteration Image Schema of Indirect Begging
• 4.3.5 The Counterforce and Diversion Image Schemata of Indirect Suggestions
• Chapter 5 An Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach to Indirect Directives
• 5.1 Its Merits
• 5.2 Its Demerits
• Chapter 6 Conclusion
• Bibliography