英汉时制系统认知对比研究

英汉时制系统认知对比研究

论文摘要

时制,作为一个语法范畴,历来被定义为表示时间区别的动词形式。但是有时时制并不用来表示时间区别,如某些特殊用法和虚拟语气。以往的学者们更注重的是对时制语言学特征的研究,而忽略了其非时间标记用法的认知机制。本文运用主要认知手段-隐喻探讨了英汉时制在语言中的运行机制。过去时制的最初意义是表示过去时间,而隐喻使它的用法得以扩展。过去时制不仅表示动作在与时间轴相反方向上与参照点的时间距离和与客观事实之间的真实性距离,还可以表示人们心理上的认知距离。过去时制的本质是距离性,这一观点符合人们的认知过程。这个过程的实质就是人们将其原来对两点间距离的认识意象图式,隐喻映射到事物或事件的真假性域,再到人们心理域上的过程,它从一个侧面反映了人们以已知认识未知,从具体认识到抽象认识的认知规律。隐喻的这种扩展用法在将来时中也有一定的体现,只不过这时它所表示的距离性与时间轴的方向是一致的。现在时是用来表示时间上的联系关系的动词标记式,联系性即无距离性。通过隐喻映射,这种联系性意义从时间域扩展到了真值域,想象真值域和心理域。现在时的这种隐喻扩展用法使语言更加真实、生动。英语时制和汉语时制并不是一一对应的,但大体上来说都可以分为过去时、现在时和将来时。这种划分方法使得英汉时制系统的对比有了一个基础。在此基础上,我们对比分析了英汉时制系统的差异和造成这些差异的原因所在。来自于不同文化背景的人们都具有认知世界的能力,但是他们会采取不同的时间认知方式,比如说,英语本族人和汉语本族人在语言表述的过程中可能会选择不同的参照点,这就会导致时制标记符号的迁移使用现象,而这正是在学习时制过程中令人困惑的地方。本文希望通过对英汉语时制用法所进行地新的阐释为二语的时制教学提供明晰且一致的解释方法。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
  • 2.1 English Tense System
  • 2.1.1 Absolute Tense
  • 2.1.2 Relative Tense
  • 2.2 Chinese Tense System
  • 2.3 Comparisons between Chinese Tense System and English Tense
  • Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
  • 3.1 Metaphor
  • 3.1.1 Definition
  • 3.1.2 Experiential Basis of Metaphor
  • 3.1.3 Image Schema
  • 3.1.4 Metaphorical Mapping
  • 3.2 Metaphor Theory and Tense
  • 3.3 Objectives of the Study
  • 3.4 Methodology
  • Chapter 4 Tense Viewed from a Cognitive Perspective
  • 4.1 English Past Tense and Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.1.1 The Original Use of English Past Tense
  • 4.1.2 Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.2 Chinese Past Tense and Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.2.1 The Original Use of Chinese Past Tense
  • 4.2.2 Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.3 English Present Tense and Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.3.1 The Original Use of English Present Tense
  • 4.3.2 Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.4 Chinese Present Tense and Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.4.1 The Original Use of Chinese Present Tense
  • 4.4.2 Its Metaphorical Extensions
  • 4.5 Chinese and English Future Tense
  • 4.6 Summary
  • Chapter 5 Comparisons of English and Chinese Time Concepts
  • 5.1 Relations between Referent Points and Time Concepts
  • 5.2 Types of Relations between Actions and the Referent Point
  • 5.2.1 Anterior Type
  • 5.2.2 Simultaneous Type
  • 5.2.3 Posterior Type
  • 5.3 Comparisons of English and Chinese Time Concepts
  • 5.3.1 Time Concepts and Absolute/Relative Time
  • 5.3.2 Time Concepts and the Speaking Time Location
  • 5.3.3 Time Concepts and Time Certainty
  • Chapter 6 Conclusion
  • References
  • Acknowledgements
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    英汉时制系统认知对比研究
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