英汉中动构式的对比研究

英汉中动构式的对比研究

论文摘要

中动构式(middle construction)作为一个独立的构式,涉及复杂的句法、语义和词汇关系,是一个句法、语义、功能的统一体。它作为一种特殊的句法和语义结构在近几十年内成为语言学界中一个广泛关注的话题。中动构式的本质特征是形式上表现为主动而意义上却为被动。其构式义为:主语具有通过谓语所表述的行为方式表现出的某种属性或状态。除此之外,它还具有其他一些特性:从句法上讲,它的主语是从中动词的内论元位置上提升起来的,句子的成立需要副词或情态动词的修饰;而从语义上讲,句子具有非事件性(non-eventivity)、施动性(agentivity)以及情态概念(modality)。对于这些基本特性,语言学界已经达成了广泛的共识,即不论在英语中还是在汉语中,中动构式都应具有这些特性。因为“中动”是具有普遍共性的、跨语言特性的语言现象。英汉中动构式是“中动”的语义特性在英汉句法结构上的体现。但是,在涉及中动构式的形成(middle formation)这一问题上,语言学界还没有形成共识。学者们围绕中动构式形成的制约条件(constraints)和它的生成过程(derivational process)进行了深入的研究和广泛的讨论。对于中动构式形成所受的制约条件,研究表明主要有三个因素在起作用:动词的体类(aspectual restrictions of verbs),影响效应(affectedness constraint)和主语有责性(responsibility of subjects)。具体到英语中动构式,它所受的动词体类的限制就不如在汉语中动构式中那么明显;而在汉语的中动构式中,影响效应的制约就不如在英语中那么明显。这也体现了两种语言的一定差异。对于中动构式的生成过程,语言学界存在着两大派别:词汇生成派(lexical approach)和句法生成派(syntactic approach)。以Fagan (1988, 1992)、Ackema & Schoorlemmer (1994, 1995)、Hale & Keyser (1985)为代表的词汇生成派主张,中动构式是先于句法(pre-syntax),在词库(lexicon)中生成,其生成过程主要是在内论元外移(externalization)原则下,由于动词外论元被删除,中动词变为一价动词,内论元便外移作句子主语;而以Keyser & Roeper (1984)、Carrier & Randall (1992)、Stroik (1992, 1995, 1999)、Hoestra & Roberts (1993)为代表的句法生成派则主张,中动构式是在句法阶段形成的,其形成机制是名词词组移位(NP-movement),动词外论元即动作施动者隐含在句子中,在句法层面上存在。这两大派别争论的焦点在于中动词的外论元是否存在及是否涉及名词词组移位(NP-movement)。本论文的研究表明,中动构式是句法生成,因为词汇生成派认为外论元被删除而不在句法层面上出现,这种观点在实际语言中得不到有力的支持。本文以描写充分性和解释充分性为目标,对英汉中动构式的特性、其形成所受的制约条件及其生成过程做了较为深入的探索和研究,目的在于找出这种结构在两种语言中的差异和共性,力图在Chomsky的最新理论,即最简探索(Minimalist Inquiries)框架内给出一个统一的解释。同时,这也为英汉中动构式的研究开辟了一条新的蹊径。

论文目录

  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Objectives
  • 1.2 Problems in the Study of Middle Constructions
  • 1.3 Methodology and Procedures
  • 1.4 A Sketch of the Thesis
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Definition of Middle Construction
  • 2.1.1 “Middle Construction” & “Middle Voice”
  • 2.1.2 “Middle Construction” & “Ergative Construction”
  • 2.2 Achievements in the Study of Middle Constructions
  • Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
  • 3.1 MP and MI
  • 3.2 Why Minimalism?
  • 3.3 The Minimalist Assumptions and Claims
  • 3.3.1 Faculty of Language
  • 3.3.2 Features and Categories
  • 3.3.3 Operations
  • Chapter 4 English Middle Construction
  • 4.1 The Existence of the English Middles as a Construction
  • 4.1.1 Conflicts Between the Inherent Semantics of Middle Verbs and the Construction Interpretation
  • 4.1.2 Non-derivational Characteristics of EMC
  • 4.2 General Properties of English Middle Construction
  • 4.2.1 Syntactic Properties
  • 4.2.2 Semantic Properties
  • 4.3 Constraints on English Middle Formation
  • 4.3.1 Aspectual Restrictions of Middle Verbs
  • 4.3.2 The Affectedness Constraint
  • 4.3.3 Responsibility of Subjects
  • 4.4 Derivation of the Middle Construction
  • 4.4.1 Syntactic Approach
  • 4.4.2 Lexical Approach
  • 4.5 A Unified Account for the Derivation of English Middle Construction Within MI
  • Chapter 5 Chinese Middle Construction
  • 5.1 The Existence of Chinese Middles as a Construction
  • 5.2 The Status and Function of “qilai”
  • 5.3 Related Constructions
  • 5.3.1 Tough vs. CMC
  • 5.3.2 Topicalization vs. CMC
  • 5.4 General Properties of Chinese Middle Construction
  • 5.4.1 Syntactic Properties
  • 5.4.2 Semantic Properties
  • 5.5 Constraints on Chinese Middle Formation
  • 5.5.1 Aspectual Restrictions of Middle Verbs
  • 5.5.2 The Affectedness Constraint
  • 5.5.3 Responsibility of Subjects
  • 5.6 A Unified Account for the Derivation of Chinese Middle Construction Within MI
  • Chapter 6 A Comparison Between English and Chinese Middles
  • 6.1 Similarities Between Middles in the Two Languages
  • 6.2 Differences Between Middles in the Two Languages
  • 6.2.1 Resultative Compounds
  • 6.2.2 Productivity
  • 6.2.3 Adverbial Modification
  • Chapter 7 Conclusion
  • 7.1 Major Findings
  • 7.2 Implications
  • 7.3 Limitations
  • 7.4 Suggestions for Further Research
  • Bibliography
  • Acknowledgements
  • Published Paper
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