论文摘要
在二语习得领域,语言石化一般用来指在具有持续的语言输入、足够的学习动机和充分的练习机会情况下发生的语言发展停滞现象。语言石化现象一直是二语习得领域中的研究热点。本文在介绍了目前石化研究的现状之后,从发生主义语言观出发,用连接主义理性学习理论和注意假设诠释二语习得以及语言石化现象,并根据分析结果和中国环境下的二语习得的具体特征,采用问卷、准历时研究和试验研究等方法对语言石化现象的描述和防治进行了实证性研究。发生主义语言观认为语言是无限的、动态的、复杂的、受到初始状态和反馈影响的、具有适应性的系统。这个复杂系统的属性和特征不是组成部分属性和特征的简单叠加,而是这个系统同外界环境之间相互作用共同形成的。从发生主义的角度看来,语言习得是习得者固有的认知能力和所处的语言、文化、社会环境相互作用产生的结果。发生主义采用连接主义的运算工具来建立人类学习机制进行语言习得的模型,用基于频率的理性关联学习理论阐释语言习得。与母语习得不同的是,二语习得机制受到干扰(前摄、后摄)、遮蔽、阻碍和感知学习等因素的影响,使母语打造的选择性注意影响下的二语习得不再是纯粹的关联学习,因此产生了理性关联学习中的非理性现象,即语言石化现象。发生主义对于语言石化现象的阐述不仅全面地解释了有关石化现象的争端和难题,而且为防治石化提供了解决思路。本文的实证研究包括一项问卷研究、一项准历时研究和三项试验研究。针对中国北方一所重点大学的理工科学生和教师进行问卷研究,其目的在于取得数量较多的研究对象的历时信息,从而解决石化研究历史上假设石化现象、缺乏石化现象存在证据的问题。问卷研究结果表明,在所调查的五个英语结构方面,调查对象都反映在被调查的学生的中介语中存在石化现象。在问卷研究之后进行的准历时研究把中国北方一所重点大学的二年级本科学生和硕士研究生分别作为历时研究的两个端点,通过比较这两组学生中介语中的三个英语结构的发展情况,证明了这些二语习得者在2-3年的时间中,被调查的三个结构并没有得到发展,从而得出存在石化现象的结论。本文提出了以停滞现象代替石化现象作为石化实证研究对象的建议。发生主义二语习得观认为语言习得是一个动态发展的过程,在对习得性注意进行足够调节的情况下,成功习得任何结构都是有可能的,因此,石化是无法验证的,绝对的石化在理论上是不存在的。此外,由于石化研究不仅具有理论意义,更对语言教学实践具有重要意义。如果把短期的停滞代替永久性的石化作为实证研究的对象,那么对石化研究的严格时间规定就不会影响实证研究的时效性和可行性,从而得到丰富的研究结果来指导语言教学实践活动。理论的正确性和实践的可行性决定了停滞现象成为本文的三个试验研究的研究对象。试验1分别分析了试验处理过程中的注意程度和在试验影响下的停滞了的语言结构的发展,试图调查不同输出种类中不同的反馈对于语言习得者注意自己的错误的影响,以及最终防治停滞的作用。正如理性关联学习理论和注意理论预测的那样,比较明显的反馈会引起二语习得者更多的注意,而更多的注意会更有效地防治停滞现象。试验2和试验3分别通过不同的方式加强语言输入和输出环节,从而提高停滞的语言结构的突显性。试验结果表明,两个试验中的增强意识活动都对防治语言停滞产生了积极的影响。本文中三个试验研究结果不仅表明了不同的教学干预手段防治一定的语言结构停滞的作用,而且有力地证明了防治停滞的可能性和可行性,从而用实证研究结果证实了发生主义石化观的理论正确性。本文运用发生主义二语习得观和理性关联学习理论阐释石化现象,利用问卷研究和准历时研究的设计方法避免了石化研究经常存在的缺陷、解决了缺乏石化现象存在的证据的问题。此外,本文在阐述了把停滞现象作为实证研究对象的意义之后,通过三个试验研究论证了防治停滞现象的可能性。这不仅会丰富语言石化现象研究的理论体系,更对中国外语学习环境下的教学实践具有重要意义。
论文目录
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSABSTRACT摘要Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Overview1.2 Background of Fossilization Research1.3 Significance of This Research1.4 Organization of the DissertationChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Introduction2.2 The Recent Developments of Fossilization Research2.2.1 Defining Fossilization2.2.2 Behavioral Reflexes of Fossilization2.2.3 Causal Variables of Fossilization2.2.4 Difficulties in Research on Fossilization2.2.5 Problems in Fossilization Studies2.3 Fossilization or Stabilization as the Object of Empirical Studies of Fossilization2.4 Fossilization from Emergentist and Connectionist Perspectives2.4.1 Emergentist Approaches to Language and SLA2.4.2 Connectionism2.4.3 Rational Contingency Learning2.4.3.1 The Design of an Optimal Processor2.4.3.2 The Rational Analysis of Learning and Memory2.4.3.3 Contingency: △P2.4.3.4 Irrationalities as the Results of the Effects of Attention2.5 Attention and Noticing Hypothesis2.6 Focus on Form2.7 Conceptual Framework of the Present Study and Research QuestionsChapter 3 Methodology3.1 Introduction3.2 A Questionnaire Study: Research into the Existence of Fossilization and Stabilization3.2.1 L2 learners’Self-Report about Fossilization and Stabilization3.2.1.1 Participants3.2.1.2 Methods and Materials3.2.1.3 Procedures3.2.2 Foreign Language Teachers’Observation of Fossilization and Stabilization3.2.2.1 Participants3.2.2.2 Methods and Materials3.2.2.3 Procedures3.2.2.4 A Pilot Study3.3 A Pseudo-Longitudinal Study: Research into the Existence of Fossilization and Stabilization3.3.1 Participants3.3.2 Methods and Materials3.3.3 Procedures and Coding3.3.4 A Pilot Study3.4 Research on the Possibility of Destabilization3.4.1 Experiment 1: The Effects of Different Types of Feedback on Stabilized Features3.4.1.1 Participants3.4.1.2 Methods and Materials3.4.1.3 Procedures and Coding3.4.2 Experiment 2: The Effects of Input Enhancement on Stabilized Features3.4.2.1 Input Enhancement3.4.2.2 Participants3.4.2.3 Methods and Materials3.4.2.4 Procedures and Coding3.4.3 Experiment 3: The Effects of Enhanced Output on Stabilization3.4.3.1 Previous Research on Enhanced Output3.4.3.2 Participants3.4.3.3 Methods and Materials3.4.3.4 Procedures and CodingChapter 4 Research on the Existence of Fossilization and Stabilization: Results and Discussions4.1 Introduction4.2 L2 learners’Self-Report about Fossilization and Stabilization4.2.1 Handling Irrelevant Data4.2.2 Motivation Types4.2.3 Subject-Predicate Agreement4.2.4 Inflection of Plurals4.2.5 Inflection of Past Tense Predicate4.2.6 Distinguishing “He”and “She”4.2.7 Articles4.2.8 General Impression on IL Development4.2.9 Multiple Choice Items4.2.10 Open-Ended Questions4.2.11 Summary4.3 Foreign Language Teachers’Observation of Fossilization and Stabilization4.3.1 General Evaluation of Development and Cessation4.3.2 Specific Features4.3.3 The Participants’Feedback on Their Students’Mistakes4.3.4 Multiple Choice Items4.3.5 The Open-Ended Items4.3.6 Summary4.4 A Pseudo-Longitudinal Study4.4.1 Introduction4.4.2 Results and Discussion4.4.2.1 The Grammaticality Judgment Task4.4.2.2 The Dictogloss Task4.4.2.3 The Elicited Imitation Task4.4.3 SummaryChapter 5 The Effects of Different Types of Feedback on Stabilized Features: Results and Discussions5.1 Introduction5.2 The Pretest5.3 The Instructional Intervention Process5.3.1 Past Tense Marking5.3.2 Third Person Singular Marking5.3.3 Articles5.4 The Immediate Posttest5.5 The Delayed Posttest5.6 SummaryChapter 6 The Possibility of Destabilization: Results and Discussions of Experiment 2 and Experiment 36.1 Introduction6.2 The Effects of Input Enhancement on Stabilized Features6.2.1 The Pretest6.2.2 The Immediate Posttest6.2.3 The Delayed Posttest6.2.4 Summary6.3 The Effects of Enhanced Output on Stabilization6.3.1 The First Pretest6.3.2 The Second Pretest6.3.3 The Immediate Posttest6.3.4 The Delayed Posttest6.3.5 SummaryChapter 7 Conclusion7.1 Introduction7.2 Results Summary7.3 Contributions of the Research7.3.1 Theoretical Significance7.3.2 Pedagogical Implications7.3.3 Methodological Significance7.4 Limitations of the Research7.5 Recommendations for Further Research7.6 ConclusionBibliographyAppendix I Questionnaire for StudentsAppendix II Questionnaire for TeachersAppendix III Material for the Pseudo-Longitudinal Study
相关论文文献
- [1].Fossilization in L2 Learners[J]. 海外英语 2020(06)
- [2].The phenomenon of fossilization in Second Language Acquisition[J]. 校园英语 2018(09)
- [3].Factors contributing to fossilization[J]. 青年文学家 2010(14)
- [4].The fossilization in second language acquisition and teaching strategy[J]. 校园英语 2018(25)
- [5].A Brief Analysis of Oral Fossilization of English Major Students[J]. 海外英语 2014(16)
- [6].Analysis of Fossilization in SLA[J]. 海外英语 2017(12)
- [7].Phenomenon of Fossilization in English Learning, underling reasons and corresponding Strategies[J]. 校园英语 2019(43)
- [8].Research on Non-English Major Undergraduates'Interlanguage Fossilization-A Case Study of HBUE[J]. 海外英语 2013(09)
- [9].Fossilization of Non-English Major Students' Spoken English[J]. 海外英语 2010(11)
- [10].A study on fossilization of Interlanguage and Junior High English Teaching[J]. 校园英语 2016(12)
- [11].A gengeral overview of interlanguage fossilization[J]. 青年文学家 2010(15)
- [12].The Phenomenon of Fossilization and Reading[J]. 海外英语 2012(02)
- [13].Fossilization[J]. 科技信息(科学教研) 2008(23)
- [14].An Experiment Designed for Reducing Oral English Fossilization[J]. 时代教育(教育教学) 2011(12)
- [15].A Theoretical Study on Fossilization[J]. 现代企业教育 2011(23)
- [16].The Analysis of L2 Learners' Fossilization in Interlanguage[J]. 江西理工大学学报 2008(03)
- [17].The Review of Interlanguage Fossilization[J]. 读与写(教育教学刊) 2011(09)
- [18].外语学习中的语言僵化现象研究[J]. 教学与管理 2013(30)
- [19].中介语僵化(fossilization)对学生自主学习能力的影响[J]. 长春理工大学学报 2012(08)
- [20].Micro-Analysis of Errors : Categories and Causes[J]. 海外英语 2020(19)
- [21].A Study of Interlanguage Fossilization in College Students' English writing[J]. 海外英语 2014(08)
- [22].Vygotskian Approaches to Interlanguage Fossilization[J]. 海外英语 2017(14)
- [23].Interlanguage Theory and English Teaching[J]. 读与写(教育教学刊) 2009(07)
- [24].An Analysis on Causes of Fossilization in Oral English of Vocational College Students[J]. 海外英语 2011(15)
- [25].OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE GEOLOGY[J]. Abstracts of Chinese Geological Literature 2009(03)
- [26].The Implication of Interlanguage Theory in Reading Course[J]. 海外英语 2015(16)
- [27].My English Learning Experience[J]. 海外英语 2011(05)
- [28].Fossilization,Stabilization,and Interlanguage:What Can We Do about It?[J]. 外语论丛 2017(01)
- [29].外语学习中语言僵化的激活策略[J]. 教学与管理 2010(18)
- [30].Studies on Second Language Acquisition from the Perspective of Dynamic System Theory[J]. 环球人文地理 2014(10)
标签:石化论文; 停滞论文; 发生主义论文; 语言习得论文; 理性关联学习论文; 注意论文;