从《论语》看孔子的修辞思想与修辞策略

论文摘要

孔子及其儒家学派铸造了中华民族的精神支柱,他也被公认是塑造中国文化和中国民族性格的始祖,对整个世界都有着巨大的影响;而《论语》这本书也被翻译成多种语言,享誉国内外。试问孔子为什么会有如此之影响呢?由于受到对中国古代话语特别是先秦话语传统研究范式的影响,人们习惯性地会从哲学、伦理和文化方面对孔子巨大影响力作出传统解释。可是,如果我们对当时历史背景下思想传播的话语实践稍作考究,就知道这些解释远远不能说明问题。在孔子年代,世事混乱,没有统一的话语标准,诸子百家竞相宣传自己的救世思想。这个时候,任何人想要宜传自己的思想观念,必须要通过话语交锋和修辞手段,取得话语主动权,以达到说服大众理解并接受其思想的目标,出现了诸子百家纷纷著书立说的情况。孔子要宣传自己的救世思想,实现自己的抱负,也绝对逃脱不了以话语实践者的身份,通过适当的话语活动,说服他身边的人理解接受自己思想这样一个过程。他的这种话语实践也是孔子产生巨大影响而不可缺少的关键原因。可是传统视角下的孔子研究过于关注其哲学、伦理和文化意义,又由于在这一视角下把修辞简单地理解为辞格造句,所以忽视了孔子话语实践及其修辞层面策略技巧的研究且忽视了其重要性。本文首先简要地说明修辞在本文中不是指选词造句层面上的修辞,而是指“通过象征手段影响人们的思想、感情、态度、行为的一门实践”,是一切取效的言语行为。修辞者经常诉诸于修辞人格(ethos),情感(pathos),道理(logos),作为修辞手段,达到说话者的话语目的。接着本文对中国古代话语特别是先秦话语的研究及对孔子话语的研究做一个梳理,找出孔子话语研究中存在的种种错误理解及其所体现的片面研究视角。然后在话语实践和修辞这一新视域内,以《论语》中记录的孔子话语实践为例,分析其中蕴含的孔子修辞思想及揭示的修辞策略和辩论技巧。本文通过大量引用《论语》中英文文本,试图通过较直观的方式阐释本文要旨。本文得出的结论是,孔子与其说是个思想家,不如说是一个伟大的修辞实践者,他对于“言”或修辞有自己深刻的认识,并通过教师、官员和传统礼节传承者这些不同身份,铸就一个受人尊重、受人爱戴的性格,映射并提升自己的修辞人格即ethos,并采用富有说服力的修辞和辩论技巧,针对当时的话语情势采取不同策略与意识形态对手进行话语交锋。我们希望这些分析能够给中国古代话语特别是先秦话语研究带来新的启示,使我们认识到所有中国古代话语文本首先有修辞上的意义,然后才是哲学等其他方面的意义。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• 中文文摘
• Synopsis
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 An Inquiry into the Reasons for Confucius's Influences around the World
• 1.2 General Understanding of Rhetoric—A Working Definition
• 1.3 The Structure of This Thesis
• Chapter Two Review of the Current Studies on Ancient Chinese Discourse and Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.1.The Current Studies of the Ancient Chinese Discourse,Especially the Pre-imperial Discourse
• 2.1.1 Introduction
• 2.1.2 Rhetorical Studies on Ancient Chinese Discourse,Especially Pre-imperial Texts from Chinese Xinci Studies Field
• 2.1.3 Another Notable Trend on Rhetoric in Ancient Chinese Discourse,Especially Pre-imperial Texts—Lu Xing's Proposition
• 2.1.4.Studies from Sinologists on Rhetoric in Ancient Chinese Discourse,Especially Pre-imperial Texts
• 2.2.How Current Models Affect the Studies of Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.3.A Review of Studies on Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.3.1 Achievements on Studies of Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.3.2 Flawed Opinions on Studies of Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.3.3 A Need for a Shift of the Perspective of Study on Confucian Rhetoric
• 2.4.The Shift of the Perspective on Studies of Confucian Rhetoric
• Chapter Three Confucius's Perspectives on Rhetoric
• 3.1.Confucius Views on Yan and Ming
• 3.1.1 A Brief Introduction
• 3.1.2 Confucian Views on Yan and Ming
• 3.2 The Relation between Wen and Zhi
• 3.3.The Time,Place and Audience in Yan
• 3.4.Conclusions for Confucian Perspectives on Yan or Rhetoric
• Chapter Four Modes of Argumentation and Discursive Strategies of Confucius
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 A Glimpse into the Opposite Ideology Implied in The Analects
• 4.3.Creating Favorable Ethos as the Key of Confucian Rhetoric
• 4.3.1 Introduction
• 4.3.2 Promotion of Ethos-Appealing to the Status as a Teacher and an Officer
• 4.3.3 Promotion of Ethos-Cultivation of an Image of a Committed Transmitter of Traditions and Ancient Sages
• 4.3.4 Cultivation of His Own Characters and Credibility.
• 4.3.5 Definition of Key Concepts like Tian,Junzi,Ren,Li,Xiaoren—Promoting the Authority of His Doctrines
• 4.4.Summary
• Chapter Five Confucian Argumentative Techniques and Techniques of Persuasion-Logos
• 5.1 Employing Persuasive Devices or Techniques of Persuasion
• 5.2.The Zilu/Confucius Quarrel over Zigao's Appointment.
• 5.3 Argument over the War against Zhuanyu
• 5.4.Argument over Whether Duke Zhao Knows the Ritual
• 5.5 A Brief Conclusion for Confucian Argumentative Techniques
• Chapter Six Conclusion
• References
• 攻读学位期间承担的科研任务与主要成果
• Acknowledgements
• 个人简历