英语话语中语用预设的关联认知研究

论文摘要

预设(Presupposition)是德国逻辑学家Gottlob Frege于1892年在其论文“OnSense and Reference”(《论涵义和所指》)中首次提出。自从提出这一概念以来,预设就引起了包括逻辑学家、哲学家、语言学家等各类学者的关注和研究。哲学界对预设的考察主要来源于对指代本质的探寻。在哲学研究的基础上,语义学家提出预设是句子或命题间的一种不受否定影响的语义关系。传统的语用预设理论主要有三种影响较大:语用预设被看作是说话人的共有知识,或施行言语行为所需满足的适当条件,或被归入会话含义进行研究。尽管语用学对预设的研究摆脱了真值条件的束缚,考虑了语境因素,但由于缺乏一种科学的交际观,以往对语用预设的研究并没有从本质上把语用预设和人类话语交际过程结合起来。因为人类话语交际是以人的认知为基础的,从认知的角度对交际中的语用预设进行研究是完全可能并且十分必要的。本文从关联认知的角度对英语话语中语用预设进行研究,拟从认知语境、明示—推理交际和最佳关联三个方面来阐释和分析英语话语中的语用预设。通过分析,我们可以在特定的英语话语认知语境中通过明示—推理交际来读取与话语本身具有最佳关联性的语用预设从而获得交际效果。我们特别尝试并探讨出认知语境与语用预设量的关系和语用预设与关联性之间的关系问题。对于前一关系问题,我们认为如果交际双方的认知语境或认知信息越相似,那么语用预设量就越大,表达就越少,反之亦然。最后我们探讨出语用预设与话语关联性之间的关系主要可以分为三种:1、语用预设作为关联性的直接来源;2、语用预设指出关联性的来源;3、语用预设作为获得关联性的前提。

论文目录

• Acknowledgements
• Abstract
• 摘要
• Chapter One Introduction
• 1.1 Research Background
• 1.2 Significance of the Thesis
• 1.3 Structure of the Thesis
• Chapter Two Literature Review of Presupposition
• 2.1 Philosophical Background
• 2.2 Semantic Approach to Presupposition
• 2.2.1 Semantic Notions of Presupposition
• 2.2.2 Major Problems for Semantic Notions of Presupposition
• 2.3 Pragmatic Approach to Presupposition
• 2.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition as Mutual Knowledge
• 2.3.2 Pragmatic Presupposition as Felicity Conditions
• 2.3.3 Pragmatic Presupposition and Implicature
• 2.4 Summary
• Chapter Three Cognitive Context and Pragmatic Presupposition
• 3.1 Cognitive Context
• 3.2 Cognitive Context Restriction to Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation
• 3.2.1 Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation
• 3.2.2 The Relationship Between Pragmatic Presupposition Quantity and Cognitive Context
• 3.3 Summary
• Chapter Four Ostensive-inferential Communication and Pragmatic Presupposition
• 4.1 Ostensive-inferential Communication
• 4.2 Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation Based on Ostensive-inferential Communication
• 4.2.1 Ostension of Pragmatic Presupposition
• 4.2.2 Inference of Pragmatic Presupposition
• 4.2.3 Ostensive-inference Based Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation
• 4.3 Summary
• Chapter Five Optimal Relevance and Pragmatic Presupposition
• 5.1 Optimal Relevance
• 5.2 Optimal Relevance in Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation
• 5.2.1 Expectation of Relevance and Pragmatic Presupposition
• 5.2.2 Optimal Relevance in Pragmatic Presupposition Interpretation
• 5.3 The Relationship between Pragmatic Presupposition and Relevance
• 5.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition as the Source of Relevance
• 5.3.2 Pragmatic Presupposition as Relevance Indicator
• 5.3.3 Pragmatic Presupposition as Relevance Condition
• 5.4 Summary
• Chapter Six Conclusion
• 6.1 Major Findings of the Thesis
• 6.2 Limitations
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Appendix