汉语中非真诚邀请行为的语用研究

论文摘要

长久以来,学者们都致力于研究理想状态下的语言使用现象。然而,松散的、虚假的语言使用现象在日常生活中普遍存在,并为确保交际成功发挥着重要的作用。非真诚邀请是非真诚言语行为的其中一种。在非真诚邀请中,说话人向听话人发出了邀请,但其实际意图并不是希望听话人接受邀请,而是借此达到其他隐含的交际目的。由于其不可或缺的人际功能,非真诚邀请被作为一种礼貌策略使用,并在社交生活中扮演着重要的角色。因此,对非真诚邀请的系统研究不仅可以丰富这个课题,而且能够为促进人际交往和社会和谐提供启示。本研究尝试借用顺应论的理论框架,通过对汉语中非真诚邀请现象的深入分析,从以下三个方面来进行研究:非真诚邀请策略的类型;非真诚邀请的语用功能以及非真诚邀请的产生机制。在前人研究的基础上,我们对非真诚邀请进行了明确定义,并找出了区分汉语中真诚邀请和非真诚邀请的区别性特征。说话人在提出非真诚邀请的时候,会使用一系列言语策略来使听话人明白他的邀请是非真诚的,并婉拒邀请来配合整个谈话的顺利进行。本文对汉语中的这些策略进行了七大分类。非真诚邀请的语用功能可大致分为促进人际交往、社会和谐的交际性功能,和借其达到个人交际目的的工具性功能。在多数场合中,非真诚邀请的功能都是属于交际性功能。本文在顺应论的框架下进一步分析了非真诚邀请的顺应性。在分析的过程中,我们发现非真诚邀请的使用,实际上是人们有意识的不断的选择过程。人们使用非真诚邀请的根本原因是为了对本身所处的各种语境因素进行顺应。这些语境因素包括心理动机,文化制约和社会规约。顺应论的理论框架不仅有力解释了人们使用非真诚邀请的目的是为了顺应,而且解答了顺应的对象是什么。在对各种语境因素的顺应过程中,不仅非真诚邀请的语言形式被加以选择,其各种语用功能也得以实现。本文是从邀请者的角度进行研究,后续研究可从被邀请者的角度进一步探讨。非真诚邀请在日常生活中普遍存在,本文的研究所得对该课题的研究具有较大的理论意义和现实意义。

论文目录

• ABSTRACT
• 摘要
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER ONE Introduction
• 1.1 The Object of the Study
• 1.2 The Rationale of the Study
• 1.3 The Objective of the Study
• 1.4 The Methodology of the Study
• 1.5 The Organization of the Thesis
• CHAPTER TWO Literature Review
• 2.1 The Working Definition of Ostensible Invitation
• 2.2 Previous Studies on this Topic
• 2.3 Problems Existing in the Previous Studies
• CHAPTER THREE The Theoretical framework
• 3.1 A Rough picture of Adaptation Theory
• 3.1.1 Pragmatics as a General Functional Perspective on Language use
• 3.1.2 Language as a Process of Choice-making
• 3.1.3 Three Key Notions
• 3.1.4 Four Tasks of Investigation
• 3.2 A Characterization of the Conceptual Framework
• 3.2.1 Ostensible Invitation as a Result of Linguistic Choices
• 3.2.2 Ostensible Invitation as a Realization of Adaptation
• 3.3 The Reasons to Choose Adaptation Theory as the Theoretical Framework
• CHAPTER TOUR The Types of Ostensible Invitation Strategies
• 4.1 S makes H's presence at E implausible
• 4.2 S extends invitation only after it has been solicited
• 4.3 S is vague about arrangements for the event E
• 4.4 S does not persist or insist on the invitation
• 4.5 S does not motivate invitation beyond social courtesy
• 4.6 S hedges on the invitation
• 4.7 S delivers the invitation with inappropriate cues
• 4.8 Summary
• CHAPTER FIVE The Pragmatic Functions of Ostensible Invitation
• 5.1 The Chinese Interpretation of Politeness and Invitation
• 5.2 The Pragmatic Functions of Ostensible Invitation
• 5.2.1 Phatic Functions
• 5.2.1.1 To make some conversation
• 5.2.1.2 To shorten social distance and to improve interpersonal relations
• 5.2.1.3 To show respects, concerns or hospitality for others
• 5.2.2 Instrumental functions
• 5.2.2.1 To establish a positive self-image
• 5.2.2.2 To express thankfulness
• 5.3 Summary
• CHAPTER SIX The Adaptability of Ostensible Invitation
• 6.1 Revisit of adaptability
• 6.2 Adaptation to psychological motivations
• 6.2.1 Adaptation to the motivation of establishing positive self-image
• 6.2.2 Adaptation to the motivation of saving face
• 6.2.3 Adaptation to the motivation of enhancing face
• 6.3 Adaptation to social conventions
• 6.3.1 Adaptation to cultural variables
• 6.3.2 Adaptation to social variables: social distance
• 6.3.2.1 Adaptation to close or distant social distance
• 6.3.2.2 Adaptation to shorten or lengthen social distance
• 6.3.2.3 Adaptation to maintain the present social distance
• CHAPTER SEVEN The Conclusion
• 7.1 Major Findings
• 7.2 Limitations of the Study
• 7.3 Implications
• 7.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
• REFERENCES