基于声学特征的非母语汉语塞擦音测试初探

基于声学特征的非母语汉语塞擦音测试初探

论文摘要

随着全球汉语不断升温,留学生在汉语学习中凸现出来的问题也日益倍受关注。作为语言的物质外壳语音,毫无疑问已成为焦点之一。绝大部分留学生在汉语语音中表现出浓重的“洋腔洋调”。众多研究已表明留学生的“洋腔洋调”集中体现在声韵母和声调上。那么如何客观,准确,科学地测试和评判非母语汉语学习者在声韵母和声调上的语音偏误已成为学术届关注的热点。目前无论在汉语水平考试(HSK),还是普通话水平测试(PSC)系统中,对于语音测试部分的评价往往采取评分员主观评分方式,即只凭听感与口型判断,但因评分者个体差异,即个体音准,方言音干扰,语音听感盲区等诸多因素的影响,很难形成统一直观的评判标准,因此评分的信度问题随之而产生。针对这些局限和不足,本文将选取留学生在汉语普通话声母学习中最容易混淆的六个塞擦音,从声学语音学和实验语音学的角度出发,运用Praat语音分析软件对留学生的语音进行诊断,并和标准音从浊音起始时间(VOT),送气时长(AD)及送气时长和韵母时长比值三个主要的声学参量进行对比,同时结合CAP三级评判标准假设,试图量化CAP三级评判标准假设,进而为非母语汉语塞擦音测试提供一套行之有效的评判标准,并提出如下几个问题:1.基于声学语音学研究的声学特征是否能应用于汉语塞擦音语音测试?2.能否将CAP三级评判假设进行量化?如果可以,具体量化的范围是多少?3.外国留学生在汉语塞擦音发音方面存在哪些典型的偏误?本文应用了praat软件对语音进行分割,提取声学特征的参数后,对考生发音和标准音进行了比较分析,并且对正确,可接受和错误三类发音进行了分析。研究结果表明,基于声学特征的汉语语音测试方法是可行的;CAP三级评判假设的量化还有待进一步深入探讨。汉语塞擦音,特别是不送气塞擦音正确发音在VOT和AD上显著区别于可接受的发音。而六个塞擦音正确发音在送气时长和韵母时长的比值上显著区别于有问题的发音;非母语汉语学习者在汉语塞擦音方面的主要问题在于送气音发的不到位,送气音[c]和[q]送气时长和韵母时长比例失衡。从发音部位来看,卷舌音和舌尖前音相混。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • Tables
  • Figures
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Research Background
  • 1.2 Objective of This Study
  • 1.3 Significance of This Study
  • 1.4 Structure of the Thesis
  • Chapter 2 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Structure of Chinese syllable
  • 2.1.1 Definition of Consonants
  • 2.1.2 Definition of Chinese Initial Consonants
  • 2.1.3 Structure Model of Chinese Syllable
  • 2.2 Previous Researches on Chinese Affricates
  • 2.3 Rating Criteria
  • Chapter 3 Research Design and Research Process
  • 3.1 Research Questions
  • 3.2 Research Theory
  • 3.3 Research Instruments and Statistical Device
  • 3.4 Experiment Design
  • 3.4.1 Test Participants
  • 3.4.2 Test Items
  • 3.4.3 Raters and Qualifications
  • 3.4.4 The Referenced Standard Pronunciation
  • 3.5 Procedures of the Experiment
  • 3.6 Measurement of the Acoustic Properties
  • 3.7 Summary
  • Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results
  • 4.1 Rating Results of Experts
  • 4.2 Experimental Results of the Acoustic Parameter Data
  • 4.2.1 VOT Data
  • 4.2.2 Duration of Aspiration Data
  • 4.3 The Ratio of AD to VD
  • 4.4 Summary
  • 4.5 Discussion
  • Chapter 5 Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix A 详细中文摘要
  • Appendix B Personal Information
  • Appendix C The judging result from expert rater 1
  • Appendix D The judging result from expert rater 2
  • Appendix E The judging result from expert rater 3
  • Appendix F The judging result from expert rater 4
  • Appendix G C-A-P Final Results from four Expert raters
  • Appendix H VOT Data (ms)
  • Appendix I AD Data (ms)
  • Appendix J VD Data (ms)
  • Acknowledgements
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    基于声学特征的非母语汉语塞擦音测试初探
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