汉文化礼貌研究：女性拒绝策略

论文摘要

本研究探讨了汉文化中年轻女性(在校大学生)在言语交际时所使用的拒绝策略,以及如何进行有效而得体的拒绝的策略。本研究以Gu(1990),Mao(1994)有关中文环境中的面子理论为基础,结合Brown和Levinson,Scollon和Scollon的礼貌理论,采用角色扮演和反思性的口头报告的方法收集语料。除上述理论之外,文中所涉及的理论还包括,言语行为理论和礼貌理论。言语行为理论和礼貌理论为本文研究提供了出发点。而中文环境中的面子和礼貌策略则为理解和解释拒绝策略选择过程提供了工具。26名中国女大学生参加了由六个情景组成的对话。六个情景共涉及三个方面的话题:建议,邀请和请求(即:拒绝身份比自己高以及与自己身份相同的对话者的建议,邀请和请求)。在与身份比自己高的交际者进行对话的情景中,每一个受试者都与由研究者扮演的角色进行了对话;在与身份相同的交际者进行对话的情景中,每一个受试者与由另外一名受试者扮演的角色进行了对话。除角色扮演之外,反思性的口头报告进一步补充了研究数据。结果显示,在这一社区中,礼貌是通过使用公式或者是半公式化的表达协商面子来实现的。对拒绝策略的分析结果显示,受试者使用各种各样的间接策略来协商或者是一再协商,来达成一个成功的结果。而面子的协商就是在这个过程中完成的。同时,也发现,面子需要源自于群体。这种需要强调了参与而非独立(Scollon and Scollon,2001)。最后,对受试者理解的有效得体的拒绝方式给与了描述。

论文目录

• Abstract
• 摘要
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• Introduction
• Significance of the study
• Organization of this thesis
• Chapter One Review of the Literature
• 1.1 Speech Act Theory
• 1.1.1 Speech Act Sequence
• 1.1.2 Speech Community
• 1.1.3 Communicative Competence
• 1.2 Searle's Indirect Speech Act
• 1.3 Semantic Formula
• 1.4 Politeness and Face
• 1.4.1 Lakoff's Rules of Politeness
• 1.4.2 Brown and Levinson's Universal Model of Politeness
• 1.4.3 Scollon and Scollon's Solidarity and Deference System
• 1.4.4 Leech's Principles of Politeness
• 1.5 Politeness and Face in Chinese Culture
• 1.5.1 Hu's Opinion
• 1.5.2 Gu's Opinion
• 1.5.3 Mao's Opinion
• 1.6 Previous Studies of Refusals
• 1.6.1 Refusal Studies Done Cross-culturally
• 1.6.2 Refusal Studies Done by Chinese Researchers
• 1.6.3 Refusal Studies Done in Chinese Culture
• 1.6.4 Problems Found in Previous Studies
• Chapter Two Methodology
• 2.1 Research Questions
• 2.2 Subjects
• 2.3 Instrumentation
• 2.3.1 Role-play
• 2.3.1.1 Closed and Open-ended Role Plays
• 2.3.1.2 The Enhanced Role Plays
• 2.3.2 Retrospective Verbal Reports
• 2.4 Pilot Study
• 2.5 Data Collection Procedures
• 2.6 Classification of Refusal Strategies
• 2.6.1 Direct Strategies
• 2.6.2 Indirect Strategies
• 2.6.3 Adjuncts to Refusals
• 2.7 Data Analysis
• Chapter Three Results and Discussion
• 3.1 Results and Discussion of Research Question One
• 3.1.1 The Formal Situations
• 3.1.1.1 The Course-taking Situation
• 3.1.1.2 The Farewell （H） Situation
• 3.1.1.3 The Bookstore Situation
• 3.1.2 The Informal Situations
• 3.1.2.1 The Net-bar Situation
• 3.1.2.2 The Farewell （E） Situation
• 3.1.2.3 The Notes Situation
• 3.2 Results and Discussion of Research Question Two
• 3.2.1 Cognition and Intention
• 3.2.2 Planning and Evaluation
• 3.2.3 Pragmatic Knowledge
• 3.3 A Discussion of Politeness in Chinese Culture
• 3.4 Chapter Summary
• Conclusion
• Appendix Ⅰ Cosent Form
• Appendix Ⅱ Background Questionnaire
• Appendix Ⅲ Role Plays Used in the Pilot Study
• Appendix Ⅳ Enhanced Role Plays
• Appendix Ⅴ Questionnaire for Verbal Reports
• Appendix Ⅵ Overall Strategies Used in Each Category
• Appendix Ⅶ Strategies Used in Formal Situations
• Appendix Ⅷ Strategies Used in Informal Situations
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表