论图式理论在口译过程中的运用

论图式理论在口译过程中的运用

论文摘要

口译是一种认知的过程。而认知语言学和心理语言学对于认知模式、语篇分析理解的探究也越来越多地被用在口译研究中。而当代认知心理学研究最具影响力的认知理论即为图式理论。早在1932年,英国心理学家Bartlett就提出了Schema(图式)的概念。他指出:图式是人脑对过去反应和经验的积极构建,即对大脑中长期记忆的组织和唤起,是大脑中连接新知识和背景知识的框架。简言之,图式就是我们大脑中的一个由过去长期积累的知识所组成的信息框架。当大脑收到新信息刺激的时候,相关领域的信息框架,即一定的图式就被激活,把大脑中的有关旧信息和新信息联系起来,帮助完成对新信息的理解。之后又有学者相继提出了与之有关的框架理论和脚本理论。中国对于图式理论在口译中的研究可始于王立弟的“翻译中的知识图式”一文,他试图运用认知心理学中的图式理论中一些基本概念和分析方法,分析翻译过程中的一些典型的场景和话语文本,来说明知识图式有助于提高翻译质量和减轻翻译过程中信息处理的负担。刘件福的“从图式理论看背景知识在口译中的作用”以图式理论为框架,通过实验的方法探究中国英语学习者的背景知识在口译中所担当的角色。结果表明:(1)背景知识与口译成效呈正比;(2)有无背景知识可能导致口译成效的显著性差异;(3)口译成效与语言水平相关,但语言缺陷可以通过激活图式的能力来补偿;(4)口译是一个多因素相互作用的复杂过程,仅凭背景知识是无法清楚地解释口译的种种现象的。本文将从理论和实证两个方面说明运用图式理论对于口译的重要性,并结合Gile理解公式和认知心理学的角度对图式理论做进一步的展开,分成语言图式、内容图式和形式图式三类分别分析,探究各自如何来帮助口译内容的理解和预测。此外,之前对口译中图式的研究主要以静态分析为主,而话语理解实质上是一个动态的发展过程,新旧信息不断相互作用的过程自然会影响图式的发展过程,同时图式在不同文化间的差异也会给口译工作设置障碍。本文将通过实例分别对图式的动态性和文化特征进行分析研究。本课题将采用演绎法及实证法等方法相结合进行研究。

论文目录

  • Acknowledgments
  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • Chapter One Introduction
  • Chapter Two Schema Theory: Initial and Essential
  • 2.1 Definition and Development
  • 2.2 Conceptions and Characteristics
  • 2.3 Three Forms of Schemata
  • 2.3.1 Linguistic Schema
  • 2.3.2 Content Schema
  • 2.3.3 Formal Schema
  • Chapter Three Schema Theory and Interpreting
  • 3.1 The Process of Interpreting
  • 3.2 Comprehension and Schema Theory
  • 3.3 Two Modes of Information Processing in Schema Theory
  • 3.3.1 Basic Definitions
  • 3.3.2 Interplay and Interaction
  • 3.3.3 Application in Interpreting
  • Chapter Four Application of Schema Theory to Interpreting
  • 4.1 Linguistic Schema and Interpreting
  • 4.1.1 Phonological Schema
  • 4.1.2 Terminological Schema
  • 4.1.3 Syntactic Schema
  • 4.2 Content Schema and Interpreting
  • 4.2.1 Introduction
  • 4.2.2 Definition and Features
  • 4.2.3 Theoretical Development of Content Schema: Frames and Scripts
  • 4.2.4 A Script on Sourcing Business Negotiation
  • 4.3 Formal Schema and Interpreting
  • 4.3.1 Ceremonial Speech
  • 4.3.2 Narrative Speech
  • 4.3.3 Expositive Speech
  • 4.3.4 Argumentative Speech
  • Chapter Five Schemata’s Dynamic and Culture-specific Nature in Interpreting
  • 5.1 Dynamic Schema and Interpreting
  • 5.1.1 Myth on Schema as a Static Notion
  • 5.1.2 Schema Subject to Dynamic Change in Interpreting
  • 5.2 Culture-specific Schema and Interpreting
  • 5.2.1 Culture and Interpreting
  • 5.2.2 Culturally-defined Schemata
  • 5.2.3 Cross-cultural Failure by Schematic Differences
  • 5.2.4 Interpreting Cross-cultural Schema
  • Chapter Six Conclusion
  • Bibliography
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