借代—转喻—隐喻连续体初探

借代—转喻—隐喻连续体初探

论文摘要

传统的语言学将借代/转喻和隐喻看作是语言形式上的修辞,是语言装饰的手段,因而只是修辞学、文学和文体学研究的对象。近期的认知语言学和心理学表明借代/转喻和隐喻是人们对抽象概念认识和表达的强有力的工具,不仅是语言的,更重要的是认知的,概念的。然而,中外学者们对概念隐喻的研究很多,而对借代/转喻的研究较少。事实上,越来越多的学者已意识到借代/转喻比隐喻更为基础。正如王寅教授在其专著《认知语言学》中指出:我们完全可以说“转喻,是我们赖以生存的东西”。借代/转喻和隐喻的关系历来是学者们研究的焦点之一。有学者认为借代/转喻和隐喻形成一个连续体。经典定义下的借代/转喻和隐喻可以视为“借代-转喻-隐喻连续体”上两端的类典型范畴,借代/转喻-隐喻互动现象属于连续体轴上的中间部分。借代/转喻和隐喻之间的区别不是离散的,而是标量的。它们是连续体上的点。这意味着两个实体间概念关系的性质可能随观察的角度不同而更接近某一端。“借代-转喻-隐喻连续体”的理论意义在于,它不但关注连续体两端的类典型范畴,同时也关注模糊的中间地带;提出了在人类认识与思维过程中借代/转喻不但是同隐喻同样重要的认知机制,而且可能是更基本的认知方式。本篇论文共有五章:第一章介绍了认知语言学研究的借代/转喻倾向,论文的研究目标及结构安排。第二章结合例子论述了“借代-转喻-隐喻连续体”理论,强调指出借代/转喻是隐喻的基础。借代/转喻的基础作用体现在以下四个方面:(1)共同的经验基础;(2)语用含义;(3)范畴结构;(4)文化模式。接着论文从国内学者对metonymy的不同译名出发,探讨了metonymy究竟应译为“借代”,还是“转喻”。为此,论文阐清了两个问题:(1)metonymy究竟有没有“喻”;(2)是否所有metonymy都有指代性。Dirven将metonymy分为三类(:1)线性metonymy (linear metonymy);(2)连接性metonymy (conjunctive metonymy);(3)包含性metonymy (inclusive metonymy)。Dirven又将思维分成两大类:原意(literalness)和非原意(non-literalness)。原意显然无喻。非原意则又可进一步分为无喻(non-figurative)和有喻(figurative)两类。线性metonymy和无喻连接性metonymy既非原意又无喻,是non-literal non-figurative metonymy;有喻连接性metonymy和包含性metonymy虽非原意却有喻,是non-literal figurative metonymy;典型的无喻metonymy为线性metonymy,典型的有喻metonymy为包含性metonymy。根据定义metonymy是一种单一映射,通常具有指代性。然而,Mendoza & Velasco认为,从现时文献资料看非指代性(non-referential)的metonymy与指代性(referential)的metonymy例子出现频率大致相同。非指代性的metonymy,例如:Mary is just a pretty face,或在包含基于动词的metonymy的表达式内,如‘Oh Dear’,she giggled,句中用giggle代表(stand for)‘to say something while giggling’。这类非指代性的metonymy应译为“转喻”而非“借代”。因此可得到如下结论:non-figurative referential metonymy即无“喻”有“代”的metonymy(如“The pot is boiling.”)是“借代”,figurative non-referential metonymy即有“喻”无“代”的metonymy(如“Mary is just a pretty face.”)是“转喻”,figurative referential metonymy即有“喻”又有“代”的metonymy(如“The crown has not withheld its assent to a Bill since 1707.”)则译为“借代”或“转喻”皆可。此外,从原意、非原意无喻借代、非原意有喻转喻到隐喻,实际上是一个连续体。第三章重点阐述了被视为“借代-转喻-隐喻连续体”轴上中间部分的借代/转喻-隐喻互动现象。其互动表现为以下四种模式:(1)由借代/转喻构成的隐喻;(2)隐喻内包含借代/转喻;(3)借代/转喻内包含隐喻;(4)隐喻语境中的非借代/转喻化。分析指出,前两种是常见的模式。第四章以上面的理论框架为基础,搜集并从认知角度分析了英语演说辞中出现的借代/转喻和隐喻及其互动模式。演说辞历来被认为人类巧妙使用语言的典范,但是运用“借代-转喻-隐喻连续体”理论从认知角度来分析英语演说辞方面的研究的确不多,这也是本论文的研究价值和研究特色所在。为此,作者搜集40,000多字的英语演说辞语料,并作了详细的判断分析。这篇论文旨在通过分析英语演说辞中出现的借代/转喻和隐喻,再次印证借代、转喻和隐喻构成一个连续体,借代/转喻是隐喻的基础,并试图分析借代/转喻和隐喻在英语演说辞中的作用。第五章回顾论文内容,总结全文。

论文目录

  • ABSTRACT(Chinese)
  • ABSTRACT (English)
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • Chapter 2 Metonymy-Metaphor Continuum
  • 2.1 Brief Introduction of Metonymy-Metaphor Continuum
  • 2.2 Metonymy Being as the Basis of Most Metaphors
  • 2.2.1 Common Experiential Basis
  • 2.2.1.1 Correlation
  • 2.2.1.2 Complementarity
  • 2.2.2 Implicature
  • 2.2.2.1 Implicated Result and Causation
  • 2.2.2.2 Implicated Possession
  • 2.2.2.3 Implicated Purpose and Activity
  • 2.2.3 Category Structure
  • 2.2.4 Cultural Models
  • 2.3 Basic Characteristic and Theoretical Significance of Metonymy-Metaphor continuum
  • 2.3.1 The Basic Characteristic of Metonymy-Metaphor Continuum
  • 2.3.2 The Theoretical Significance of Metonymy-Metaphor Continuum
  • 2.4 Non-figurative Referential Metonymy and Figurative Non-referential Metonymy
  • 2.4.1 Distinguishing Three Types of Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.1 Linear Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.2 Conjunctive Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.2.1 Non-figurative Conjunctive Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.2.2 Figurative Conjunctive Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.3 Inclusive Metonymy
  • 2.4.1.4 Figurativity and Non-figurativity
  • 2.4.2 Referential Metonymy and Non-referential metonymy
  • 2.4.2.1 Metonymy Being a Way of Thinking
  • 2.4.2.2 Referentialness and Non-referentialness
  • Chapter 3 The Interaction between Metonymy and Metaphor
  • 3.1 Metaphor from Metonymy
  • 3.2 Metonymy within Metaphor
  • 3.3 Metaphor within Metonymy
  • 3.4 Demetonymisation in a Metaphorical Context
  • 3.5 Brief Summary of the Four Types of Interaction between Metonymy and Metaphor Proposed by Goossens
  • Chapter 4 Analysis of Metonymy and Metaphor in English Speeches
  • 4.1 Corpus Building
  • 4.2 Corpus Findings
  • 4.3 Metonymies in English Speeches
  • 4.3.1 Metonymy Operates within the Same Idealized Cognitive Model
  • 4.3.2 Detailed Analysis of Metonymies in English Speeches
  • 4.3.2.1 Dirven’s Three Types of Metonymies in English Speeches
  • 4.3.2.2 ABSTRACT FOR SPECIFIC Metonymy in English Speeches
  • 4.4 Metaphors in English Speeches
  • 4.4.1 Metaphors with Common Experiential Basis as Their Metonymic Source in English Speeches
  • 4.4.2 Metaphors with Conversational Implicature as Their Metonymic Source in English Speeches
  • 4.4.3 Metaphors with Category Structure as Their Metonymic Source in English Speeches
  • 4.4.4 Metaphors with Cultural Models as Their Metonymic Source in English Speeches
  • 4.5 Mixed Cases in English Speeches
  • 4.6 Functions of Metonymy and Metaphor in English Speeches
  • 4.6.1 Metonymy and Metaphor Related to Religion Making English Speeches More Inciting and Impelling
  • 4.6.2 Metonymy and Metaphor Making English Speeches More Persuasive
  • Chapter 5 Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • Acknowledgements
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